Causes of Resistant Hypertension

[monirprdu]

Improper blood pressure measurement
Volume overload and pseudotolerance
Excess sodium intake Volume retention from kidney disease Inadequate diuretic therapy)
Drug-induced or other causes 
Nonadherence
Inadequate doses 
Inappropriate combinations
Nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs; cyclooxygenase 2 inhibitors
Cocaine, amphetamines, other illicit drugs 
Sympathomimetics (decongestants, anorectics)
Oral contraceptives
Adrenal steroids 
Cyclosporine and tacrolimus
Erythropoietin Licorice (including some chewing tobacco)
Selected over-the-counter dietary supplements and medicines (eg, ephedra, ma haung, bitter orange)
Associated conditions 
Obesity 
Excess alcohol intake