1
English / Re: Using Mobile Phone in Language Learning
« on: January 03, 2011, 05:04:54 PM »
Thanks. Keep using mobile internet.
News:
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2
English / Re: Using Mobile Phone in Language Learning
« on: December 30, 2010, 03:00:03 PM »
To keep updated you need internet connection on your mobile phone.
3
English / Re: Developing ELC@Uttara Campus through different activities
« on: December 27, 2010, 10:26:51 AM »
Now it is high time we took initatives to arrange new programmes for ELC.
4
English / Re: Using Mobile Phone in Language Learning
« on: December 27, 2010, 10:25:27 AM »
Mobile phones can also be used for listening to BBC and CNN news.
5
English / English Morphology (Word Formation in English)
« on: December 27, 2010, 10:20:50 AM »
Morphology:
Morphology is the brunch of grammar which studied the structure or form of words, primarily through the use of morpheme construction. It is the science and study of the smallest grammatical units of language and their formation into words, including inflection, derivation, and composition.
According to Dorfman,“Morphology IS the study of the ay and method of grouping sound into Word, of divination and conversional meaning.â€
According to BloomSfield, “It is the study of the construction in which sound form appear among the constituentâ€
So we can Say that Morphology is the study of the pattern of Word formation.â€
Morpheme:
Morpheme I the minimal unit of grammatical anglicize and unit of lowest rank of Words out of which the net highest rank IS composed. This is the mallet syntactical unit which forms word and that must be meaningful. Morpheme is the smallest meaningful unit in a language.
A morpheme can be divided without changing it meaning. For example, English word ‘Kind’ is a morpheme. If the ‘d’ is removed. It turns to “kinâ€, which ha no meaning at all. Some word consist of one morpheme, others consist of more than one morpheme. For example English word “unkindness†consist of three morpheme, they are-
1. Un
2. Kind
3.ness
A more acceptable and more satisfactory classification of morepheme I free morpheme and bound morpheme. The classification is given in the following diagram-
Free morpheme:
Morphemes which can stand by them as single word are called free morphemes. The free morpheme can be generally considered as the set of separate English word-forms. When they are used with bound morphemes, the basic word-form involved is technically known as ‘stem’. Here,
Un
dressed
ed
Prefix stem
suffix
bound free Bound
We can divide free morpheme into two categories. They are-
1. Lexical morpheme
2. Functional Morpheme
Lexical Morpheme:
The set of ordinary nouns, adjectives, adverbs, and verbs which have le or more on meaning are called lexical morpheme. In English the number of lexical morphemes will be go on more than ten millions. It can be changed very frequently. Some examples of lexical morpheme are-
Boy, man, house, tiger, sad, long, yellow, open, look, flower, break etc.
Functional Morpheme:
Functional Morpheme are elements like prepositions, articles, conjunctions, forms indicating numbers, gender or tense and so on. It does not change frequently. Some examples of functional morphemes are-
And, but, when, because, on, near, above, in, the, that, it etc.
Bound Morpheme:
Morphemes which can not stand by themselves as single words are called bound morphemes. Affixes to the word such as –
-ness, -less, -pre, up-, con-, -er, -ment, etc are all bound morphemes. The set of affixes which fall into ‘bound’ category can be classified into two groups, they are-
1. Derivational Morpheme
2. Inflectional Morpheme
Derivational Morpheme:
A Derivational Morpheme can change the grammatical category of a word. For example, the noun ‘care’ can become the adjective ‘careful’, if we add the derivational morpheme ‘ful’. It can include prefixes and suffixes like- -ful, -less, -ish, -ly, -ment, re-, pre-, ex-, dis-, un-, and many more.
Inflectional Morpheme:
Inflectional morphemes never change the grammatical quality of a word. For example,
Adjective + suffix = Adjective
Old + er = Older
It changes the versions, can not change the grammatical category. In English, there are only eight inflectional morphemes and they r\are all suffix, the list is following-
Forms Suffix
Nouns -‘s, -s
Verbs -s, -ing, -ed, -en
Adjectives -est, -er
Word Formation Rule:
There are many rules to form words In English. There are some mostly used rules of word formation that can be very helpful for our day to day uses.
Rule-1:
Un + adjective/noun/Verb = Opposite meaning
(‘Un’ is negative prefix. Generally it means ‘not’. It shows a negative meaning, when we add it before any noun, verb or adjective. Some examples are given below-
Table 1-
No. Prefix Adjective Use in Sentence Derived Word
Use in Sentence
1 Un Talented He is a talented writer untalented The untalented punks who call themselves musicians are racket created by "
2 Un accustomed She is accustomed to do her own work. unaccustomed I am unaccustomed to wearing sari.
3 Un appreciated His suggestion was appreciated by all in the office. unappreciated Dangerous activities should be unappreciated by all.
4 Un navigable unnavigable In winter many of our rivers become unnavigable.
5 Un exploded They provide an exploded view of their machine. unexploded Police found an unexploded bomb from the market place.
Table-2:
No. Prefix Verb Use in Sentence Derived Word
Use in Sentence
1 Un Bar He was barred from membership in the club. Unbar He removes a bar from the window.
2 Un Bend The stick does not bend. Unbend He is always unbending before injustice.
3 Un Bind They bind the prisoner with a bar. Unbind The police Unbind the hands of the prisoner.
4 Un Bolt She suddenly bolted from her seat" Unbolt Can you please unbolt the door?
5 Un buckle They buckled his knees strongly. Unbuckle We should not keep our seat belt Unbuckled in car.
Table-3:
No. Prefix Noun Use in Sentence Derived
Word
Use in Sentence
1 Un belief He lost his religious belief but not his morality. unbelief
2 Un believer He is a true believer of his religion. unbeliever My neighbor is unbeliever, yet he respects all religion.
3 Un certainty His victory is a certainty for all of us. uncertainty The buyers re showing their uncertainty because of the outcome.
4 Un chastity The room is simply decorated with great chastity. unchastity That girl was infamous for her unchastity.
5 Un concern She felt strong concern for her child. unconcern He is very unconcern bout his studies.
Rule-2:
Adjective + ness = Noun
(Ness is noun suffix. Generally is means ‘a state of being’)
No. Adjective Use in Sentence suffix Derived Word Use in Sentence
1 ferocious ness ferociousness
2 Useless she is useless in an emergency" ness uselessness I changed the typewriter because of its uselessness.
3 grateful ness gratefulness I am really surprised by his gratefulness.
4 Earnest My most earnest wish is to be princes. ness earnestness He fails in the examination because of his lack of earnestness.
5 Direct The direct cause of the accident is reckless driving. ness directness He is loved by all for his directness.
Rule -3:
Adjective + ly =Adverb
(Ly is an adverbial suffix. Generally is means ‘use to make adverbs ’)
No. Adjective Use in Sentence suffix Derived Word Use in Sentence
1 cordial I try to be cordial with all. ly cordially The children show their gratitude very cordially.
2 Loyal We can fin our loyal friends always with us. ly Loyally Leaders can be successful, when the people accept his leadership loyally.
3 Real The film is based on real life story. ly Really Really, you shouldn't have done it.
4 Fatal The fatal day of the examination finally arrived. ly Fatally He was Fatally ill equipped for climbing.
5 Actual The predicted temperature and the actual temperature had huge difference. ly Actually no one actually saw the snake.
Rule-4:
Verb + Ion = Noun
No. Verb Use in Sentence suffix Derived
Word Use in Sentence
1 appreciate I appreciate these red tulips. ion appreciation He got good appreciation for solving the math problems.
2 hibernate Bears eat a lot of food before they hibernate in their caves ion hibernation
3 promote I am promoting the use of computers in the classroom ion promotion the company is doing great promotion of their new products
4 migrate Many birds migrate in the winter. ion migration
5 detect She detected some problem in her computer. ion detection Early detection of problem can often le a d to a cure.
Rule-5:
Adjective + ity =Noun
(“ity’ is a noun suffix)
No. Adjective Use in Sentence suffix Derived Word Use in Sentence
1 Cordial I always try to maintain cordial relations with all. ity cordiality I am very surprised to his cordiality.
2 Fatal "the fatal day of the election finally arrived" ity Fatality We should be conscious to decrease the number of automobile fatalities
3 Real This film is based on real life ity Reality The reality of his situation is very critical.
4 Sincere He is a good and sincere man. ity Sincerity they demanded some proof of my sincerity"
5 Sever The doctor decided to sever his leg from his body. ity Severity Everyone was shocked to see the severity of winter last year.
Rule –6:
Verb + ication =Noun
No. Adjective Use in Sentence suffix Derived
Word Use in Sentence
1 Multiply He negotiated to multiply his profits ication multiplication
2 Simplify Correct moves will simplify our lives. ication simplification
3 Purify We should purify the water before drink. ication purification Self-purification comes from repentance.
4 Apply I apply this rule to get good results ication application
5 Beautify Everyone beautifies there selves for special days. ication beautification We should be concerned about the beatification of our locality.
Rule-7:
Verb + al =Noun
No. Adjective Use in Sentence suffix Derived
Word Use in Sentence
1 Refuse He refuses to join the group on the match. al refusal His refusal needs explanation.
2 Betray Her smile betrayed her true feelings al betrayal He was suspended because of his betrayal with his office.
3 Government The government reduced taxes al governmental The MP has discussed the governmental policies in the meeting.
4 Survive It is difficult for him to survive on such a low wage. al survival The poor have to work hard for their survival.
5 Experiment He experiments with his style frequently. al experimental They get the result from the experimental use of drug.
Rule-8:
Verb + or =Noun
No. Adjective Use in Sentence suffix Derived
Word Use in Sentence
1 Investigate The officer investigates reports of possible irregularities. or investigator The investigator tried to remove the uninteresting data from the report.
2 Conduct You cannot conduct business like this or conductor
3 Direct We should not direct our anger towards others. or Director The director is handling the project very successfully.
4 Collect She collected a small fortune by her hard work. or collector The local MP is working s the head collector of food and clothes for the victims.
5 Possess He possesses great knowledge about the history of Bangladesh. or possessor
They are searching for the possessor of the building.
Rule -9:
Verb + sion =Noun
No. Verb Use in Sentence suffix Derived
Word Use in Sentence
1 Invade The cancer had invaded her lungs. sion invasion
2 Persuade You can't persuade me to buy this ugly vase sion persuasion I am not of your persuasion
3 Conclude The concert concluded with a beautiful song. sion conclusion He jumps to the conclusion of the agreement without proper discussion.
4 Divide The mountain range divides the two countries. sion division They started to fight in public for the division of their inheritance.
5 Pervade An atmosphere of distrust has pervaded this administration sion pervasion
Rule-10:
Adjective + acy =Noun
No. Adjective Use in Sentence suffix Derived
Word Use in Sentence
1 Delicate She is too delicate to swim safely. acy Delicacy The delicacy of her touch is wonderful.
2 Intimate The small room was very intimate. acy Intimacy
3 Literate He is a computer literate. acy Literacy The rate of literacy is increasing in our country.
4 Accurate The tailor took accurate measurements of my dress. acy Accuracy He expresses his doubt on the accuracy of his calculator.
5 Democrat He is a famous democrat leader. acy Democracy Democracy is the most fruitful way of forming government.
Rule-11:
Verb + ment =Noun
No. Verb Use in Sentence suffix Derived
Word Use in Sentence
1 Equip She was never equipped to be a dancer ment equipment They make a weekly check of their equipment.
2 Astonish Your ability to speak three languages astonishes me! ment astonishment he looked at me in astonishment
3 Abandon You must abandon your office by tonight. ment abandonment his abandonment of his wife and children left them helpless.
4 Involve This decision involves many changes" ment involvement the teacher tried to increase his students' involvement in class activities
5 Judge They judged him unfit to work here ment judgment they criticized my judgment of the contestants
Rule-12:
Verb + ance =Noun
No. Verb Use in Sentence suffix Derived
Word Use in Sentence
1 Assist I work as teacher assistance in my university. ance assistance The child is three years old but can not walk without assistance
2 Disturb Don't disturb me when I'm reading. ance disturbance He looked around for the source of the disturbance.
3 Endure She endured the elements ance endurance The marathon tests a runner's endurance.
4 Rely We should rely on our friends. ance reliance he wrote the paper with considerable reliance on the work of other scientists
5 Resist His objectionable behavior resists explanation. ance resistance He got a general resistance from many citizens on the new law.
Rule 13:
Noun + y =Adjective
No. Noun Use in Sentence suffix Derived
Word Use in Sentence
1 Storm It was storming all night y I was afraid by the stormy day
2 Rain Drains carried off the rain into the river. y rainy I enjoy rainy season most then the other season.
3 Luck it was my good luck to be in the meeting. y lucky A lucky guess help me to solve the problem.
4 dust The destruction of the building produced an enormous dust. y dusty The furniture’s are looking dusty.
5 anger The news angered him y angry He was angry at the hot summer weather.
Rule-14
Noun + al =adjective
No. Noun Use in Sentence suffix Derived
Word Use in Sentence
1 Nation The news was announced to the nation by the prime minister. al national Sunder bans is one of our national landmarks.
2 Digit al digital
3 Verb al verbal a good poet is a verbal artist
4 Magic Many people love magic shows. al magical Her songs are like magical spells that bound everyone.
5 al
Rule-15
Verb + ption =Noun
No. Verb Use in Sentence suffix Derived
Word Use in Sentence
1 Describe He described an elaborate plan for the assignment. ption description Every description of the products re given in the outlet.
2 Subscribe I subscribe to the Daily Star every day. ption subscription The file was attested by the subscription of the officer’s signature.
3 Inscribe the lovers inscribed their names into the tree ption inscription After the inscription of the new members they started the cultural function.
4 Prescribe The doctor suggests some tests before prescribe any medicine ption prescription I tried to follow her prescription for success in career.
5 ption
Rule 16
Verb + ation =Noun
No. Verb Use in Sentence suffix Derived
Word Use in Sentence
1 Alter her mood alters with the weather ation alteration the alteration was aimed to increase sales"
2 Expect I was expecting a visit from our relatives ation expectation Her commitment could not fulfill my expectations.
3 Recite The doctor recited the list of possible side effects of the drug ation the program included songs and recitations of well-loved poems
4 Recommend He recommended us strongly to visit Boishkhi fairs. ation recommendation His pleasant personality is a recommendation
5 Prolong We prolonged our stay in Dhaka. ation prolongation there was an prolongation of the peace talks
Rule 17
Verb + ive =Adjective
No. Verb Use in Sentence suffix Derived
Word Use in Sentence
1 Create He created a new movement in painting" ive creative Keats is a great master of creative imagination.
2 Attract A beautiful garden attracts many people. ive attractive This book contain many useful and attractive illustrations
3 Invent invent a way to measure the speed of light ive inventive He is famous for his inventive mid.
4 Protect Mother protects her child from the negativity of the world. ive protective He is very much protective bout his career.
5 act She wants to act Lady Macbeth, but she is too young for the role. ive active He is an active member of the club
Rule 18
Adjective + ance =Noun
No. Adjective Use in Sentence suffix Derived
Word Use in Sentence
1 Ignorant He is completely ignorant of the present situation. ance ignorance no mask could hide his ignorance
2 Elegant She has an elegant dark dress ance elegance the simplicity and elegance of his work is appreciated by ll.
3 Brilliant She gave a brilliant performance last night. ance brilliance His acting lacks the previous brilliance that we expect.
4 Abundant We are getting an abundant supply of water for some days. ance
5 Reluctant He is usually reluctant to take part in social activities. ance
Rule 19
Adjective + ancy =Noun
No. Adjective Use in Sentence suffix Derived
Word Use in Sentence
1 Dormant her feelings of affection are dormant but easily awakened ancy dormancy the volcano burst out after centuries of dormancy
2 Stagnant We should avoid using stagnant water. ancy stagnancy economic growth of our country is now facing economic stagnancy
3 Hesitant His narration was hesitant. ancy hesitancy His hesitancy revealed his basic weakness.
4 Rampant I am conscious about the rampant growth of weeds in my garden. ancy
5 ancy
Rule 20
Verb + able = Adjective
No. Verb Use in Sentence suffix Derived
Word Use in Sentence
1 Break Everyone should work hard to break the cycle of poverty. able breakable He packed the breakable goods separately.
2 Desire I desire to go home early for this weekend. able desirable The parents found the girl desirable for their son.
3 Endure This dress endured well for almost ten years able endurable He may get endurable punishment for his unprofessional behavior.
4 Cure The treatment cured the boy's skin disease. able curable Cancer is a curable disease today.
5 Read The fortune teller read his fate in the crystal ball. able readable He provides a readable overview on the project paper.
Rule21
Adjective + ence =Noun
No. Adjective Use in Sentence suffix Derived
Word Use in Sentence
1 Patient the number of emergency patients has grown rapidly ence patience He plays patience quite well.
2 Convenient She gave us a convenient excuse for not going to the picnic. ence The chairs are arranged for his own convenience.
3 Insistent ence insistence
4 Absent One of the officers was absent in the annul day meeting. ence absence he visited my home during my absence
5 Persistent ence
Rue 22
Verb + ant = Noun
No. Adjective Use in Sentence suffix Derived
Word Use in Sentence
1 Descend She was descended from an English noble family ant descendant
2 Assist A salesperson assists her in the shop. ant assistant My assistant contributes to the fulfillment of my all needs.
3 Inhabit My old sweet memories inhabit this house ant inhabitant
4 Assail The editors of the paper assailed the new Prime minister. ant assailant he described his mental picture of his assailant
5 ant
Rule 23
Noun + less = adjective
No. Noun Use in Sentence suffix Derived
Word Use in Sentence
1 Power the power of his love saved her" less powerless I am powerless to protect my family.
2 Pity the blind are often objects of pity less pitiless Shylock was a monster of pitiless cruelty.
3 Care I really care about my work and career. less careless She is careless about her clothes
4 Name He wants to protect his good name. less nameless The corporation is responsible to nameless owners
5 Shame His one mistake brought shame to all his family less shameless He gave a shameless try by offering bribe to get the job.
Rule 24
Noun + ful = Adjective
No. Noun Use in Sentence suffix Derived
Word Use in Sentence
1 Peace The roommates live in peace together. ful peaceful I am longing for a peaceful sleep.
2 Mercy He threw himself on the mercy of the court. ful
3 Faith hey broke faith with their investors ful faithful He remained faithful to his wife.
4 Hope I hope she will understand my point of view. ful hopeful I found a hopeful way of solving the problem"
5 Pain the patient is suffering from the pain of loneliness. ful painful He worked with painful slowness
Rule 25
Inter + noun =Noun
No. Inter Noun Use in Sentence Derived
Word Use in Sentence
1 Inter change the change was intended to increase sales interchange He earns his living from the interchange of currency.
2 Inter collegiate He always tries to keep his collegiate attitude. Tomorrow there will hold an intercollegiate basketball match.
3 Inter notional a monarch has a duty to his nationals. International Olympic games are International sports event.
4 Inter School the school was built in 1932 They have arranged a girl’s interschool sports program.
5 Inter
Rule 26
Mis + verb = Verb
No. Prefix Verb Use in Sentence Derived
Word Use in Sentence
1 Mis Behave The children must learn to behave properly. misbehaved The children misbehaved all morning"
2 Mis apprehend the police apprehended the suspected criminals misapprehend He misapprehend all my words and using them against me.
3 Mis Calculate You can calculate the total area of the house. miscalculated I miscalculated the number of guests at the wedding
4 Mis govern We cannot govern the way people dress
5 Mis direct He directed the children to do their homework misdirect He was accused of misdirecting the young children.
Rule 27
Mis + noun=noun
No. Prefix noun Use in Sentence Derived
Word Use in Sentence
1 Mis mange He is able to mange the whole situation. Mismanage Because of mismanagement the program could not succeed.
2 Mis Hit after three misses she finally got a hit Mishit The new player has done lots of Mishit.
3 Mis Chief if you want to leave early you have to ask the chief mischief His mischief behavior causes discomfort in others
4 Mis Quote He used Quote mark in his dialogue. misquote He had misquoted the politician
5 Mis Deed he signed the deed early this morning. misdeed He was punished for hid misdeed behavior.
Rule32
Dis + verb =Negative Verb
No. Prefix verb Use in Sentence Derived
Word Use in Sentence
1 Dis Allow I cannot allow you to see your examination paper. disallow I disallow you to call me late at night
2 Dis Agree She agreed to all my conditions disagree She disagrees with her husband on many questions
3 Dis Like She likes to read English novels. dislike I really dislike this color.
4 Dis Connect The two streets connect to become a highway disconnect We should disconnect
all machine after use.
5 Dis Unite The two streets unite to become a highway disunite They disunite their family to keep peace.
Rule 33
Noun + ous =adjective
No. Noun Use in Sentence suffix Derived
Word Use in Sentence
1 Pomp He entered in the court with much pomp. ous pompous He delivered a pompous speech in the conference.
2 Poison They detect a light level of poison in the water. ous poisonous Wild fruits can be poisonous sometimes.
3 Zeal He felt a kind of religious zeal. ous zealous He is zealous about his religious belief.
4 Beauty The evening is full of beauty. ous beauteous It is a beauteous evening, calm and free
5 Joy They felt boundless joy on their victory. ous joyous They felt a joyous abandonment after the declaration of the winning team.
Rule 34
Noun + ian =Adjective
No. Noun Use in Sentence suffix Derived
Word Use in Sentence
1 Italy He has just arrived from Italy. ian Italian I m doing a course on Italian cooking
2 Iran Iran is very rich in oil. ian The Iranian people speak in modern Persian language
3 brazil Brazil is the largest Latin American country. ian Brazilian Brazilian football is world famous.
4 ian
5 Canada The border between the United States and Canada is the longest unguarded border in the world. ian Canadian The natives of Canada are known as Canadian.
Rule 35
Noun + ic = Adjective
No. Noun Use in Sentence suffix Derived
Word Use in Sentence
1 Hero He always tries to imitate famous heroes. ic Heroic Iliad is full of heroic legends.
2 Arab The Arabs are brave nation. ic Arabic Arabic language has various dialects.
3 Poet Tennyson is the representative poet of Victorian era. ic poetic His words are full of poetic language.
4 Prose Prose was a famous form of writing in 18th century ic prosaic It is a prosaic and unimaginative essay
5 Celt Celts occupied Britain and Spain prior to Roman times ic Celtic Celtic language was widely spread over Europe in the pre-Christian era
Rule 36
Sub + Noun =Noun
No. Prefix noun Use in Sentence Derived
Word Use in Sentence
1 Sub Committee The Committee is working on a new idea. subcommittee A subcommittee was formed to handle the new problem.
2 Sub Continent Englishmen like to visit their Continent. subcontinent The Indian subcontinent has large number of cultural variety.
3 Sub Division Our engineering division is working on new project. subdivision he always turns first to the business subdivision
4 Sub Section the history of this work is discussed in the next section subsection They make subsections of the project for better result
5 Sub Editor He is the chief editor of a famous newspaper. subeditor He is working as subeditor of a newspaper
Morphology is the brunch of grammar which studied the structure or form of words, primarily through the use of morpheme construction. It is the science and study of the smallest grammatical units of language and their formation into words, including inflection, derivation, and composition.
According to Dorfman,“Morphology IS the study of the ay and method of grouping sound into Word, of divination and conversional meaning.â€
According to BloomSfield, “It is the study of the construction in which sound form appear among the constituentâ€
So we can Say that Morphology is the study of the pattern of Word formation.â€
Morpheme:
Morpheme I the minimal unit of grammatical anglicize and unit of lowest rank of Words out of which the net highest rank IS composed. This is the mallet syntactical unit which forms word and that must be meaningful. Morpheme is the smallest meaningful unit in a language.
A morpheme can be divided without changing it meaning. For example, English word ‘Kind’ is a morpheme. If the ‘d’ is removed. It turns to “kinâ€, which ha no meaning at all. Some word consist of one morpheme, others consist of more than one morpheme. For example English word “unkindness†consist of three morpheme, they are-
1. Un
2. Kind
3.ness
A more acceptable and more satisfactory classification of morepheme I free morpheme and bound morpheme. The classification is given in the following diagram-
Free morpheme:
Morphemes which can stand by them as single word are called free morphemes. The free morpheme can be generally considered as the set of separate English word-forms. When they are used with bound morphemes, the basic word-form involved is technically known as ‘stem’. Here,
Un
dressed
ed
Prefix stem
suffix
bound free Bound
We can divide free morpheme into two categories. They are-
1. Lexical morpheme
2. Functional Morpheme
Lexical Morpheme:
The set of ordinary nouns, adjectives, adverbs, and verbs which have le or more on meaning are called lexical morpheme. In English the number of lexical morphemes will be go on more than ten millions. It can be changed very frequently. Some examples of lexical morpheme are-
Boy, man, house, tiger, sad, long, yellow, open, look, flower, break etc.
Functional Morpheme:
Functional Morpheme are elements like prepositions, articles, conjunctions, forms indicating numbers, gender or tense and so on. It does not change frequently. Some examples of functional morphemes are-
And, but, when, because, on, near, above, in, the, that, it etc.
Bound Morpheme:
Morphemes which can not stand by themselves as single words are called bound morphemes. Affixes to the word such as –
-ness, -less, -pre, up-, con-, -er, -ment, etc are all bound morphemes. The set of affixes which fall into ‘bound’ category can be classified into two groups, they are-
1. Derivational Morpheme
2. Inflectional Morpheme
Derivational Morpheme:
A Derivational Morpheme can change the grammatical category of a word. For example, the noun ‘care’ can become the adjective ‘careful’, if we add the derivational morpheme ‘ful’. It can include prefixes and suffixes like- -ful, -less, -ish, -ly, -ment, re-, pre-, ex-, dis-, un-, and many more.
Inflectional Morpheme:
Inflectional morphemes never change the grammatical quality of a word. For example,
Adjective + suffix = Adjective
Old + er = Older
It changes the versions, can not change the grammatical category. In English, there are only eight inflectional morphemes and they r\are all suffix, the list is following-
Forms Suffix
Nouns -‘s, -s
Verbs -s, -ing, -ed, -en
Adjectives -est, -er
Word Formation Rule:
There are many rules to form words In English. There are some mostly used rules of word formation that can be very helpful for our day to day uses.
Rule-1:
Un + adjective/noun/Verb = Opposite meaning
(‘Un’ is negative prefix. Generally it means ‘not’. It shows a negative meaning, when we add it before any noun, verb or adjective. Some examples are given below-
Table 1-
No. Prefix Adjective Use in Sentence Derived Word
Use in Sentence
1 Un Talented He is a talented writer untalented The untalented punks who call themselves musicians are racket created by "
2 Un accustomed She is accustomed to do her own work. unaccustomed I am unaccustomed to wearing sari.
3 Un appreciated His suggestion was appreciated by all in the office. unappreciated Dangerous activities should be unappreciated by all.
4 Un navigable unnavigable In winter many of our rivers become unnavigable.
5 Un exploded They provide an exploded view of their machine. unexploded Police found an unexploded bomb from the market place.
Table-2:
No. Prefix Verb Use in Sentence Derived Word
Use in Sentence
1 Un Bar He was barred from membership in the club. Unbar He removes a bar from the window.
2 Un Bend The stick does not bend. Unbend He is always unbending before injustice.
3 Un Bind They bind the prisoner with a bar. Unbind The police Unbind the hands of the prisoner.
4 Un Bolt She suddenly bolted from her seat" Unbolt Can you please unbolt the door?
5 Un buckle They buckled his knees strongly. Unbuckle We should not keep our seat belt Unbuckled in car.
Table-3:
No. Prefix Noun Use in Sentence Derived
Word
Use in Sentence
1 Un belief He lost his religious belief but not his morality. unbelief
2 Un believer He is a true believer of his religion. unbeliever My neighbor is unbeliever, yet he respects all religion.
3 Un certainty His victory is a certainty for all of us. uncertainty The buyers re showing their uncertainty because of the outcome.
4 Un chastity The room is simply decorated with great chastity. unchastity That girl was infamous for her unchastity.
5 Un concern She felt strong concern for her child. unconcern He is very unconcern bout his studies.
Rule-2:
Adjective + ness = Noun
(Ness is noun suffix. Generally is means ‘a state of being’)
No. Adjective Use in Sentence suffix Derived Word Use in Sentence
1 ferocious ness ferociousness
2 Useless she is useless in an emergency" ness uselessness I changed the typewriter because of its uselessness.
3 grateful ness gratefulness I am really surprised by his gratefulness.
4 Earnest My most earnest wish is to be princes. ness earnestness He fails in the examination because of his lack of earnestness.
5 Direct The direct cause of the accident is reckless driving. ness directness He is loved by all for his directness.
Rule -3:
Adjective + ly =Adverb
(Ly is an adverbial suffix. Generally is means ‘use to make adverbs ’)
No. Adjective Use in Sentence suffix Derived Word Use in Sentence
1 cordial I try to be cordial with all. ly cordially The children show their gratitude very cordially.
2 Loyal We can fin our loyal friends always with us. ly Loyally Leaders can be successful, when the people accept his leadership loyally.
3 Real The film is based on real life story. ly Really Really, you shouldn't have done it.
4 Fatal The fatal day of the examination finally arrived. ly Fatally He was Fatally ill equipped for climbing.
5 Actual The predicted temperature and the actual temperature had huge difference. ly Actually no one actually saw the snake.
Rule-4:
Verb + Ion = Noun
No. Verb Use in Sentence suffix Derived
Word Use in Sentence
1 appreciate I appreciate these red tulips. ion appreciation He got good appreciation for solving the math problems.
2 hibernate Bears eat a lot of food before they hibernate in their caves ion hibernation
3 promote I am promoting the use of computers in the classroom ion promotion the company is doing great promotion of their new products
4 migrate Many birds migrate in the winter. ion migration
5 detect She detected some problem in her computer. ion detection Early detection of problem can often le a d to a cure.
Rule-5:
Adjective + ity =Noun
(“ity’ is a noun suffix)
No. Adjective Use in Sentence suffix Derived Word Use in Sentence
1 Cordial I always try to maintain cordial relations with all. ity cordiality I am very surprised to his cordiality.
2 Fatal "the fatal day of the election finally arrived" ity Fatality We should be conscious to decrease the number of automobile fatalities
3 Real This film is based on real life ity Reality The reality of his situation is very critical.
4 Sincere He is a good and sincere man. ity Sincerity they demanded some proof of my sincerity"
5 Sever The doctor decided to sever his leg from his body. ity Severity Everyone was shocked to see the severity of winter last year.
Rule –6:
Verb + ication =Noun
No. Adjective Use in Sentence suffix Derived
Word Use in Sentence
1 Multiply He negotiated to multiply his profits ication multiplication
2 Simplify Correct moves will simplify our lives. ication simplification
3 Purify We should purify the water before drink. ication purification Self-purification comes from repentance.
4 Apply I apply this rule to get good results ication application
5 Beautify Everyone beautifies there selves for special days. ication beautification We should be concerned about the beatification of our locality.
Rule-7:
Verb + al =Noun
No. Adjective Use in Sentence suffix Derived
Word Use in Sentence
1 Refuse He refuses to join the group on the match. al refusal His refusal needs explanation.
2 Betray Her smile betrayed her true feelings al betrayal He was suspended because of his betrayal with his office.
3 Government The government reduced taxes al governmental The MP has discussed the governmental policies in the meeting.
4 Survive It is difficult for him to survive on such a low wage. al survival The poor have to work hard for their survival.
5 Experiment He experiments with his style frequently. al experimental They get the result from the experimental use of drug.
Rule-8:
Verb + or =Noun
No. Adjective Use in Sentence suffix Derived
Word Use in Sentence
1 Investigate The officer investigates reports of possible irregularities. or investigator The investigator tried to remove the uninteresting data from the report.
2 Conduct You cannot conduct business like this or conductor
3 Direct We should not direct our anger towards others. or Director The director is handling the project very successfully.
4 Collect She collected a small fortune by her hard work. or collector The local MP is working s the head collector of food and clothes for the victims.
5 Possess He possesses great knowledge about the history of Bangladesh. or possessor
They are searching for the possessor of the building.
Rule -9:
Verb + sion =Noun
No. Verb Use in Sentence suffix Derived
Word Use in Sentence
1 Invade The cancer had invaded her lungs. sion invasion
2 Persuade You can't persuade me to buy this ugly vase sion persuasion I am not of your persuasion
3 Conclude The concert concluded with a beautiful song. sion conclusion He jumps to the conclusion of the agreement without proper discussion.
4 Divide The mountain range divides the two countries. sion division They started to fight in public for the division of their inheritance.
5 Pervade An atmosphere of distrust has pervaded this administration sion pervasion
Rule-10:
Adjective + acy =Noun
No. Adjective Use in Sentence suffix Derived
Word Use in Sentence
1 Delicate She is too delicate to swim safely. acy Delicacy The delicacy of her touch is wonderful.
2 Intimate The small room was very intimate. acy Intimacy
3 Literate He is a computer literate. acy Literacy The rate of literacy is increasing in our country.
4 Accurate The tailor took accurate measurements of my dress. acy Accuracy He expresses his doubt on the accuracy of his calculator.
5 Democrat He is a famous democrat leader. acy Democracy Democracy is the most fruitful way of forming government.
Rule-11:
Verb + ment =Noun
No. Verb Use in Sentence suffix Derived
Word Use in Sentence
1 Equip She was never equipped to be a dancer ment equipment They make a weekly check of their equipment.
2 Astonish Your ability to speak three languages astonishes me! ment astonishment he looked at me in astonishment
3 Abandon You must abandon your office by tonight. ment abandonment his abandonment of his wife and children left them helpless.
4 Involve This decision involves many changes" ment involvement the teacher tried to increase his students' involvement in class activities
5 Judge They judged him unfit to work here ment judgment they criticized my judgment of the contestants
Rule-12:
Verb + ance =Noun
No. Verb Use in Sentence suffix Derived
Word Use in Sentence
1 Assist I work as teacher assistance in my university. ance assistance The child is three years old but can not walk without assistance
2 Disturb Don't disturb me when I'm reading. ance disturbance He looked around for the source of the disturbance.
3 Endure She endured the elements ance endurance The marathon tests a runner's endurance.
4 Rely We should rely on our friends. ance reliance he wrote the paper with considerable reliance on the work of other scientists
5 Resist His objectionable behavior resists explanation. ance resistance He got a general resistance from many citizens on the new law.
Rule 13:
Noun + y =Adjective
No. Noun Use in Sentence suffix Derived
Word Use in Sentence
1 Storm It was storming all night y I was afraid by the stormy day
2 Rain Drains carried off the rain into the river. y rainy I enjoy rainy season most then the other season.
3 Luck it was my good luck to be in the meeting. y lucky A lucky guess help me to solve the problem.
4 dust The destruction of the building produced an enormous dust. y dusty The furniture’s are looking dusty.
5 anger The news angered him y angry He was angry at the hot summer weather.
Rule-14
Noun + al =adjective
No. Noun Use in Sentence suffix Derived
Word Use in Sentence
1 Nation The news was announced to the nation by the prime minister. al national Sunder bans is one of our national landmarks.
2 Digit al digital
3 Verb al verbal a good poet is a verbal artist
4 Magic Many people love magic shows. al magical Her songs are like magical spells that bound everyone.
5 al
Rule-15
Verb + ption =Noun
No. Verb Use in Sentence suffix Derived
Word Use in Sentence
1 Describe He described an elaborate plan for the assignment. ption description Every description of the products re given in the outlet.
2 Subscribe I subscribe to the Daily Star every day. ption subscription The file was attested by the subscription of the officer’s signature.
3 Inscribe the lovers inscribed their names into the tree ption inscription After the inscription of the new members they started the cultural function.
4 Prescribe The doctor suggests some tests before prescribe any medicine ption prescription I tried to follow her prescription for success in career.
5 ption
Rule 16
Verb + ation =Noun
No. Verb Use in Sentence suffix Derived
Word Use in Sentence
1 Alter her mood alters with the weather ation alteration the alteration was aimed to increase sales"
2 Expect I was expecting a visit from our relatives ation expectation Her commitment could not fulfill my expectations.
3 Recite The doctor recited the list of possible side effects of the drug ation the program included songs and recitations of well-loved poems
4 Recommend He recommended us strongly to visit Boishkhi fairs. ation recommendation His pleasant personality is a recommendation
5 Prolong We prolonged our stay in Dhaka. ation prolongation there was an prolongation of the peace talks
Rule 17
Verb + ive =Adjective
No. Verb Use in Sentence suffix Derived
Word Use in Sentence
1 Create He created a new movement in painting" ive creative Keats is a great master of creative imagination.
2 Attract A beautiful garden attracts many people. ive attractive This book contain many useful and attractive illustrations
3 Invent invent a way to measure the speed of light ive inventive He is famous for his inventive mid.
4 Protect Mother protects her child from the negativity of the world. ive protective He is very much protective bout his career.
5 act She wants to act Lady Macbeth, but she is too young for the role. ive active He is an active member of the club
Rule 18
Adjective + ance =Noun
No. Adjective Use in Sentence suffix Derived
Word Use in Sentence
1 Ignorant He is completely ignorant of the present situation. ance ignorance no mask could hide his ignorance
2 Elegant She has an elegant dark dress ance elegance the simplicity and elegance of his work is appreciated by ll.
3 Brilliant She gave a brilliant performance last night. ance brilliance His acting lacks the previous brilliance that we expect.
4 Abundant We are getting an abundant supply of water for some days. ance
5 Reluctant He is usually reluctant to take part in social activities. ance
Rule 19
Adjective + ancy =Noun
No. Adjective Use in Sentence suffix Derived
Word Use in Sentence
1 Dormant her feelings of affection are dormant but easily awakened ancy dormancy the volcano burst out after centuries of dormancy
2 Stagnant We should avoid using stagnant water. ancy stagnancy economic growth of our country is now facing economic stagnancy
3 Hesitant His narration was hesitant. ancy hesitancy His hesitancy revealed his basic weakness.
4 Rampant I am conscious about the rampant growth of weeds in my garden. ancy
5 ancy
Rule 20
Verb + able = Adjective
No. Verb Use in Sentence suffix Derived
Word Use in Sentence
1 Break Everyone should work hard to break the cycle of poverty. able breakable He packed the breakable goods separately.
2 Desire I desire to go home early for this weekend. able desirable The parents found the girl desirable for their son.
3 Endure This dress endured well for almost ten years able endurable He may get endurable punishment for his unprofessional behavior.
4 Cure The treatment cured the boy's skin disease. able curable Cancer is a curable disease today.
5 Read The fortune teller read his fate in the crystal ball. able readable He provides a readable overview on the project paper.
Rule21
Adjective + ence =Noun
No. Adjective Use in Sentence suffix Derived
Word Use in Sentence
1 Patient the number of emergency patients has grown rapidly ence patience He plays patience quite well.
2 Convenient She gave us a convenient excuse for not going to the picnic. ence The chairs are arranged for his own convenience.
3 Insistent ence insistence
4 Absent One of the officers was absent in the annul day meeting. ence absence he visited my home during my absence
5 Persistent ence
Rue 22
Verb + ant = Noun
No. Adjective Use in Sentence suffix Derived
Word Use in Sentence
1 Descend She was descended from an English noble family ant descendant
2 Assist A salesperson assists her in the shop. ant assistant My assistant contributes to the fulfillment of my all needs.
3 Inhabit My old sweet memories inhabit this house ant inhabitant
4 Assail The editors of the paper assailed the new Prime minister. ant assailant he described his mental picture of his assailant
5 ant
Rule 23
Noun + less = adjective
No. Noun Use in Sentence suffix Derived
Word Use in Sentence
1 Power the power of his love saved her" less powerless I am powerless to protect my family.
2 Pity the blind are often objects of pity less pitiless Shylock was a monster of pitiless cruelty.
3 Care I really care about my work and career. less careless She is careless about her clothes
4 Name He wants to protect his good name. less nameless The corporation is responsible to nameless owners
5 Shame His one mistake brought shame to all his family less shameless He gave a shameless try by offering bribe to get the job.
Rule 24
Noun + ful = Adjective
No. Noun Use in Sentence suffix Derived
Word Use in Sentence
1 Peace The roommates live in peace together. ful peaceful I am longing for a peaceful sleep.
2 Mercy He threw himself on the mercy of the court. ful
3 Faith hey broke faith with their investors ful faithful He remained faithful to his wife.
4 Hope I hope she will understand my point of view. ful hopeful I found a hopeful way of solving the problem"
5 Pain the patient is suffering from the pain of loneliness. ful painful He worked with painful slowness
Rule 25
Inter + noun =Noun
No. Inter Noun Use in Sentence Derived
Word Use in Sentence
1 Inter change the change was intended to increase sales interchange He earns his living from the interchange of currency.
2 Inter collegiate He always tries to keep his collegiate attitude. Tomorrow there will hold an intercollegiate basketball match.
3 Inter notional a monarch has a duty to his nationals. International Olympic games are International sports event.
4 Inter School the school was built in 1932 They have arranged a girl’s interschool sports program.
5 Inter
Rule 26
Mis + verb = Verb
No. Prefix Verb Use in Sentence Derived
Word Use in Sentence
1 Mis Behave The children must learn to behave properly. misbehaved The children misbehaved all morning"
2 Mis apprehend the police apprehended the suspected criminals misapprehend He misapprehend all my words and using them against me.
3 Mis Calculate You can calculate the total area of the house. miscalculated I miscalculated the number of guests at the wedding
4 Mis govern We cannot govern the way people dress
5 Mis direct He directed the children to do their homework misdirect He was accused of misdirecting the young children.
Rule 27
Mis + noun=noun
No. Prefix noun Use in Sentence Derived
Word Use in Sentence
1 Mis mange He is able to mange the whole situation. Mismanage Because of mismanagement the program could not succeed.
2 Mis Hit after three misses she finally got a hit Mishit The new player has done lots of Mishit.
3 Mis Chief if you want to leave early you have to ask the chief mischief His mischief behavior causes discomfort in others
4 Mis Quote He used Quote mark in his dialogue. misquote He had misquoted the politician
5 Mis Deed he signed the deed early this morning. misdeed He was punished for hid misdeed behavior.
Rule32
Dis + verb =Negative Verb
No. Prefix verb Use in Sentence Derived
Word Use in Sentence
1 Dis Allow I cannot allow you to see your examination paper. disallow I disallow you to call me late at night
2 Dis Agree She agreed to all my conditions disagree She disagrees with her husband on many questions
3 Dis Like She likes to read English novels. dislike I really dislike this color.
4 Dis Connect The two streets connect to become a highway disconnect We should disconnect
all machine after use.
5 Dis Unite The two streets unite to become a highway disunite They disunite their family to keep peace.
Rule 33
Noun + ous =adjective
No. Noun Use in Sentence suffix Derived
Word Use in Sentence
1 Pomp He entered in the court with much pomp. ous pompous He delivered a pompous speech in the conference.
2 Poison They detect a light level of poison in the water. ous poisonous Wild fruits can be poisonous sometimes.
3 Zeal He felt a kind of religious zeal. ous zealous He is zealous about his religious belief.
4 Beauty The evening is full of beauty. ous beauteous It is a beauteous evening, calm and free
5 Joy They felt boundless joy on their victory. ous joyous They felt a joyous abandonment after the declaration of the winning team.
Rule 34
Noun + ian =Adjective
No. Noun Use in Sentence suffix Derived
Word Use in Sentence
1 Italy He has just arrived from Italy. ian Italian I m doing a course on Italian cooking
2 Iran Iran is very rich in oil. ian The Iranian people speak in modern Persian language
3 brazil Brazil is the largest Latin American country. ian Brazilian Brazilian football is world famous.
4 ian
5 Canada The border between the United States and Canada is the longest unguarded border in the world. ian Canadian The natives of Canada are known as Canadian.
Rule 35
Noun + ic = Adjective
No. Noun Use in Sentence suffix Derived
Word Use in Sentence
1 Hero He always tries to imitate famous heroes. ic Heroic Iliad is full of heroic legends.
2 Arab The Arabs are brave nation. ic Arabic Arabic language has various dialects.
3 Poet Tennyson is the representative poet of Victorian era. ic poetic His words are full of poetic language.
4 Prose Prose was a famous form of writing in 18th century ic prosaic It is a prosaic and unimaginative essay
5 Celt Celts occupied Britain and Spain prior to Roman times ic Celtic Celtic language was widely spread over Europe in the pre-Christian era
Rule 36
Sub + Noun =Noun
No. Prefix noun Use in Sentence Derived
Word Use in Sentence
1 Sub Committee The Committee is working on a new idea. subcommittee A subcommittee was formed to handle the new problem.
2 Sub Continent Englishmen like to visit their Continent. subcontinent The Indian subcontinent has large number of cultural variety.
3 Sub Division Our engineering division is working on new project. subdivision he always turns first to the business subdivision
4 Sub Section the history of this work is discussed in the next section subsection They make subsections of the project for better result
5 Sub Editor He is the chief editor of a famous newspaper. subeditor He is working as subeditor of a newspaper
6
English / Re: Developing Productive Skills(Speaking and Writing)
« on: December 27, 2010, 10:12:43 AM »
Dear Rokon
I mention about writing practice. It can be writing on forum,keeping a diary and noting downing academic notes.
Thanks
I mention about writing practice. It can be writing on forum,keeping a diary and noting downing academic notes.
Thanks
7
Faculty Forum / Re: Regarding Semester Break
« on: December 27, 2010, 10:09:31 AM »
A brief semester Break can obviously refresh our mind. Teachers are busy both at University and in the house.To enhance our thinking capability, we sometimes need a short break. This brings good result indeed.
8
English / Re: Developing Productive Skills(Speaking and Writing)
« on: December 15, 2010, 11:27:06 AM »
Good
9
English / Re: Developing ELC@Uttara Campus through different activities
« on: December 15, 2010, 11:22:58 AM »
You can see the Photos from Mr. Anisur Rahman.
Thanks
Thanks
10
Faculty Forum / Re: Self Protection Skill Development in our female students
« on: December 11, 2010, 11:24:33 AM »
We should not think girls as female figires.We should think them as individuals having equal rights.
11
English / Re: Using Mobile Phone in Language Learning
« on: December 09, 2010, 03:47:02 PM »
That's very nice of you.
Thanks
Thanks
12
English / Re: Developing ELC@Uttara Campus through different activities
« on: December 09, 2010, 01:49:43 PM »
It means you are always with Uttara campus
13
English / Re: Developing ELC@Uttara Campus through different activities
« on: December 08, 2010, 10:52:00 AM »
Dear Shusmita
Next monday there will be a drama on "Arms and the Man",to be staged at ELC@UC.You are invited.(Time: 1:30 pm)
Thanks
Next monday there will be a drama on "Arms and the Man",to be staged at ELC@UC.You are invited.(Time: 1:30 pm)
Thanks
14
English / Re: Using Mobile Phone in Language Learning
« on: December 05, 2010, 03:15:14 PM »
Yea some modern mobile phone sets have dictionaries installed inside. Students can be directly benefitted from it.
15
English / Re: Developing ELC@Uttara Campus through different activities
« on: December 04, 2010, 05:17:19 PM »
Dear Labone
This play was performed at DIU,Business Faculty buliding...It was effective.I guess if you kindly arrange this play at ELC@UC,it will be effective for the ELC members.
This play was performed at DIU,Business Faculty buliding...It was effective.I guess if you kindly arrange this play at ELC@UC,it will be effective for the ELC members.