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MBA Discussion Forum / Re: Social Entrepreneur & Social Enterprises
« on: April 09, 2018, 11:07:02 AM »
Thank you sir for sharing.
News:
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17
BBA Discussion Forum / Meaning of Ratio & its objectives
« on: July 15, 2017, 02:23:13 PM »
Ratio: A ratio is one figure expressed in terms of another figure. It is mathematical yardstick of measuring relationship of two figures or items or group of items, which are related, is each other and mutually inter-dependent. It is simply the quotient of two numbers. It can be expressed in fraction or in decimal point or in pure number.
Accounting ratio is an expression relating to two figures or two accounts or two set accounting heads or group of items stated in financial statement.
2. Objectives of Ratios
The accounting ratios are very useful in assessing the performance of business enterprise i.e. financial position and profitability. This is possible to achiever by comparison of ratios of the year or with the previous year.
The ratios are worked out to analyse the following aspect or areas of business organization.
1. Solvency: -
a. Long-term solvency
b. Short-term solvency
c. Immediate solvency
2. Stability
3. Profitability
4. Operational efficiency
5. Credit standing
6. Structural analysis.
7. Utilization of resources and
8. Leverage or external financing.
3. Classification of Ratios
The ratios are used for different purposes, for different users and for different analysis.
The ratios can be classified as under:
a. Traditional classification
b. Functional classification
c. Classification from user‘s point of view
Accounting ratio is an expression relating to two figures or two accounts or two set accounting heads or group of items stated in financial statement.
2. Objectives of Ratios
The accounting ratios are very useful in assessing the performance of business enterprise i.e. financial position and profitability. This is possible to achiever by comparison of ratios of the year or with the previous year.
The ratios are worked out to analyse the following aspect or areas of business organization.
1. Solvency: -
a. Long-term solvency
b. Short-term solvency
c. Immediate solvency
2. Stability
3. Profitability
4. Operational efficiency
5. Credit standing
6. Structural analysis.
7. Utilization of resources and
8. Leverage or external financing.
3. Classification of Ratios
The ratios are used for different purposes, for different users and for different analysis.
The ratios can be classified as under:
a. Traditional classification
b. Functional classification
c. Classification from user‘s point of view
18
BBA Discussion Forum / Financial Statement and its sources
« on: June 06, 2017, 12:31:03 PM »
1. Meaning of Financial Statements
Every business concern wants to know the various financial aspects for effective decision making. The preparation of financial statement is required in order to achieve the objectives of the firm as a whole. The term financial statement refers to an organized collection of data on the basis of accounting principles and conventions to disclose its financial information.
A complete set of financial statements includes: [IAS 1.10]
• a statement of financial position (balance sheet) at the end of the period
• a statement of profit or loss and other comprehensive income for the period (presented as a single statement, or by presenting the profit or loss section in a separate statement of profit or loss, immediately followed by a statement presenting comprehensive income beginning with profit or loss)
• a statement of changes in equity for the period
• a statement of cash flows for the period
• notes, comprising a summary of significant accounting policies and other explanatory notes
• comparative information prescribed by the standard.
2. Sources of Financial Information
i. Income Statement: The term 'Income Statements' is also known as Trading, Profit and Loss Account. This is the first stage of preparation of final accounts in accounting cycle. The purpose of preparing Trading, Profit and Loss Accounts to ascertain the Net Profit or Net Loss of a business concern during the accounting period.
ii. Balance Sheet: Balance Sheet may be defined as "a statement of financial position of any economic unit disclosing as at a given moment of time its assets, at cost, depreciated cost, or other indicated value, its liabilities and its ownership equities." In other words, it is a statement which indicates the financial position or soundness of a business concern at a specific period of time. Balance Sheet may also be described as a statement of source and application of funds because it represents the source where the funds for the business were obtained and how the funds were utilized in the business.
iii. Statement of Retained Earnings: This statement is considered to be as the connecting link between the Profit and Loss Account and Balance Sheet. The accumulated excess of earning over losses and dividend is treated as Retained Earnings. The balance of retained earnings shown on the Profit and Loss Accounts and it is transferred to liability side of the balance sheet.
iv. Statement of Changes in Financial Position: Income Statements and Balance sheet do not disclose the operational efficiency of the concern. In order to measure the operational efficiency of the concern it is essential to identify the movement of working capital or cash inflow or cash outflow of the business concern during the particular period. To highlight the changes of financial position of a particular firm, the statement is prepared may emphasize of the following aspects:
o Fund Flow Statement is prepared to know the changes in the firm's working capital.
o Cash Flow Statement is prepared to understand the changes in the firm's cash position.
o Statement of Changes in Financial Position is used for the changes in the firm's total financial position.
Every business concern wants to know the various financial aspects for effective decision making. The preparation of financial statement is required in order to achieve the objectives of the firm as a whole. The term financial statement refers to an organized collection of data on the basis of accounting principles and conventions to disclose its financial information.
A complete set of financial statements includes: [IAS 1.10]
• a statement of financial position (balance sheet) at the end of the period
• a statement of profit or loss and other comprehensive income for the period (presented as a single statement, or by presenting the profit or loss section in a separate statement of profit or loss, immediately followed by a statement presenting comprehensive income beginning with profit or loss)
• a statement of changes in equity for the period
• a statement of cash flows for the period
• notes, comprising a summary of significant accounting policies and other explanatory notes
• comparative information prescribed by the standard.
2. Sources of Financial Information
i. Income Statement: The term 'Income Statements' is also known as Trading, Profit and Loss Account. This is the first stage of preparation of final accounts in accounting cycle. The purpose of preparing Trading, Profit and Loss Accounts to ascertain the Net Profit or Net Loss of a business concern during the accounting period.
ii. Balance Sheet: Balance Sheet may be defined as "a statement of financial position of any economic unit disclosing as at a given moment of time its assets, at cost, depreciated cost, or other indicated value, its liabilities and its ownership equities." In other words, it is a statement which indicates the financial position or soundness of a business concern at a specific period of time. Balance Sheet may also be described as a statement of source and application of funds because it represents the source where the funds for the business were obtained and how the funds were utilized in the business.
iii. Statement of Retained Earnings: This statement is considered to be as the connecting link between the Profit and Loss Account and Balance Sheet. The accumulated excess of earning over losses and dividend is treated as Retained Earnings. The balance of retained earnings shown on the Profit and Loss Accounts and it is transferred to liability side of the balance sheet.
iv. Statement of Changes in Financial Position: Income Statements and Balance sheet do not disclose the operational efficiency of the concern. In order to measure the operational efficiency of the concern it is essential to identify the movement of working capital or cash inflow or cash outflow of the business concern during the particular period. To highlight the changes of financial position of a particular firm, the statement is prepared may emphasize of the following aspects:
o Fund Flow Statement is prepared to know the changes in the firm's working capital.
o Cash Flow Statement is prepared to understand the changes in the firm's cash position.
o Statement of Changes in Financial Position is used for the changes in the firm's total financial position.
19
MBA Discussion Forum / List of IFRS
« on: April 29, 2017, 01:24:21 PM »
The following IFRS statements are currently issued:
N Title Originally issued Effective
IFRS 1 First-time Adoption of International Financial Reporting Standards 2003 January 1, 2004
IFRS 2 Share-based Payment 2004 January 1, 2005
IFRS 3 Business Combinations 2004 April 1, 2004
IFRS 4 Insurance Contracts 2004 January 1, 2005
IFRS 5 Non-current Assets Held for Sale and Discontinued Operations 2004 January 1, 2005
IFRS 6 Exploration for and Evaluation of Mineral Resources 2004 January 1, 2006
IFRS 7 Financial Instruments: Disclosures 2005 January 1, 2007
IFRS 8 Operating Segments 2006 January 1, 2009
IFRS 9 Financial Instruments 2009(updated 2014) January 1, 2018
IFRS 10 Consolidated Financial Statements 2011 January 1, 2013
IFRS 11 Joint Arrangements 2011 January 1, 2013
IFRS 12 Disclosure of Interests in Other Entities 2011 January 1, 2013
IFRS 13 Fair Value Measurement 2011 January 1, 2013
IFRS 14 Regulatory Deferral Accounts 2014 January 1, 2016
IFRS 15 Revenue from Contracts with Customers 2014 January 1, 2018
IFRS 16 Leases 2016 January 1, 2019
N Title Originally issued Effective
IFRS 1 First-time Adoption of International Financial Reporting Standards 2003 January 1, 2004
IFRS 2 Share-based Payment 2004 January 1, 2005
IFRS 3 Business Combinations 2004 April 1, 2004
IFRS 4 Insurance Contracts 2004 January 1, 2005
IFRS 5 Non-current Assets Held for Sale and Discontinued Operations 2004 January 1, 2005
IFRS 6 Exploration for and Evaluation of Mineral Resources 2004 January 1, 2006
IFRS 7 Financial Instruments: Disclosures 2005 January 1, 2007
IFRS 8 Operating Segments 2006 January 1, 2009
IFRS 9 Financial Instruments 2009(updated 2014) January 1, 2018
IFRS 10 Consolidated Financial Statements 2011 January 1, 2013
IFRS 11 Joint Arrangements 2011 January 1, 2013
IFRS 12 Disclosure of Interests in Other Entities 2011 January 1, 2013
IFRS 13 Fair Value Measurement 2011 January 1, 2013
IFRS 14 Regulatory Deferral Accounts 2014 January 1, 2016
IFRS 15 Revenue from Contracts with Customers 2014 January 1, 2018
IFRS 16 Leases 2016 January 1, 2019
20
MBA Discussion Forum / Financial Reporting vs Corporate Reporting
« on: April 26, 2017, 12:09:54 PM »
Meaning of Financial Reporting:
Financial reporting includes not only financial statements but also other means of communicating information that relates, directly or indirectly, to the information provided by the accounting system-that is, information about the enterprises, obligations, earnings etc.
Meaning of Corporate Reporting:
Corporate reports aim to provide information about the resources and performance of the reporting entity to users of such reports.
It includes-
• Historical financial information regarding their performance
• Chairman’s reports on the performance and strategy of the company
• Non-financial information (not mandatory in IFRS) such as environment, employees and society
Usefulness of Corporate Reporting:
• To satisfy statutory requirements-taxing authority
• To compare financial information from different entities
• To be more transparent in their reporting-by providing disclosures in financial statements
• To make commentary on the performance of the business-disclose the nature of the business as well as the objectives, strategies,
results, prospects etc.
• To give the accessibility of the company information to the users
• To increased disclosure of non-financial information
Financial reporting includes not only financial statements but also other means of communicating information that relates, directly or indirectly, to the information provided by the accounting system-that is, information about the enterprises, obligations, earnings etc.
Meaning of Corporate Reporting:
Corporate reports aim to provide information about the resources and performance of the reporting entity to users of such reports.
It includes-
• Historical financial information regarding their performance
• Chairman’s reports on the performance and strategy of the company
• Non-financial information (not mandatory in IFRS) such as environment, employees and society
Usefulness of Corporate Reporting:
• To satisfy statutory requirements-taxing authority
• To compare financial information from different entities
• To be more transparent in their reporting-by providing disclosures in financial statements
• To make commentary on the performance of the business-disclose the nature of the business as well as the objectives, strategies,
results, prospects etc.
• To give the accessibility of the company information to the users
• To increased disclosure of non-financial information
21
MBA Discussion Forum / Re: Opportunity and Incremental Costs
« on: April 26, 2017, 11:20:46 AM »
Thank you sir for information.
22
MBA Discussion Forum / Basic Questions in Disclosure
« on: April 26, 2017, 10:51:52 AM »
1. Who are the users of information, i.e., for whom is the information to be disclosed?
Investors and creditors are the common users of accounting information in all the countries, but other users are employees, customers, society, government etc.
2. How much information should be disclosed?
All possible information relating to an entity cannot be disclosed in financial statements. That would make financial statements unwieldy, large, costly and perhaps more confusing. The information which is material (i.e., which is capable of affecting judgment) to external decision makers, must be disclosed. Hendrickson says that, the “Three concepts of disclosure generally proposed are”:
Adequate: Adequate disclosure means a minimum amount of disclosure so that the financial statements are not misleading.
Fair: Fair disclosure would imply that the accounting and other information is unbiased and impartial. The ethical objective requires that there is equal treatment for all potential readers.
Full disclosure: The presentation of all relevant information.
3. What should be disclosed?
What should be disclosed depends again, upon the basic objectives of financial accounting and reporting. This is also related to the class of users. The following information will be useful to all categories of users in all countries:
• Chairman's report
• CEO's/ Managing Directors report
• Letter to the Shareholders
• Narrative Text, Graphics and Photos, Listing of the company's directors and executive officers
• Summary Financial Data
• Corporate Information
• Auditor's report on corporate governance
• Mission statement
• Corporate governance statement of compliance
• Statement of directors' responsibilities
• Invitation to the company's AGM
As well as financial statements including:
• Auditor's report on the financial statements
• Balance sheet
• Statement of retained earnings
• Income statement
• Cash flow statement
• Notes to the financial statements
Investors and creditors are the common users of accounting information in all the countries, but other users are employees, customers, society, government etc.
2. How much information should be disclosed?
All possible information relating to an entity cannot be disclosed in financial statements. That would make financial statements unwieldy, large, costly and perhaps more confusing. The information which is material (i.e., which is capable of affecting judgment) to external decision makers, must be disclosed. Hendrickson says that, the “Three concepts of disclosure generally proposed are”:
Adequate: Adequate disclosure means a minimum amount of disclosure so that the financial statements are not misleading.
Fair: Fair disclosure would imply that the accounting and other information is unbiased and impartial. The ethical objective requires that there is equal treatment for all potential readers.
Full disclosure: The presentation of all relevant information.
3. What should be disclosed?
What should be disclosed depends again, upon the basic objectives of financial accounting and reporting. This is also related to the class of users. The following information will be useful to all categories of users in all countries:
• Chairman's report
• CEO's/ Managing Directors report
• Letter to the Shareholders
• Narrative Text, Graphics and Photos, Listing of the company's directors and executive officers
• Summary Financial Data
• Corporate Information
• Auditor's report on corporate governance
• Mission statement
• Corporate governance statement of compliance
• Statement of directors' responsibilities
• Invitation to the company's AGM
As well as financial statements including:
• Auditor's report on the financial statements
• Balance sheet
• Statement of retained earnings
• Income statement
• Cash flow statement
• Notes to the financial statements
23
MBA Discussion Forum / Re: Disclosure requirements
« on: April 26, 2017, 10:35:50 AM »
Thank you sir for sharing.
Besides the above, the laws of the land and professional pronouncement also require the following information to be disclosed in many countries:
Disclosure of accounting policies which includes consolidation of financial statement if needed, fiscal year of the concern, cash and cash equivalents, methods of inventory valuation, basis of fixed assets record, methods of depreciation, method of assets valuation, pension and retirement benefit plan, income tax, foreign currency translation, basis of estimates, revenue recognition principle etc.;
Any changes of accounting policies;
If certain assets are pledged as security to specific creditors, contingency liabilities and unrealized gains.
Disclosure of segment-wise accounting information (product-wise, and geographic division-wise).
Interim (quarterly) reports of the company’s performance and financial position;
Supplementary information on accounting adjustments for changing in prices;
Events occurring after the balance sheet date;
Related party transactions;
Future prospects of the company.
Besides the above, the laws of the land and professional pronouncement also require the following information to be disclosed in many countries:
Disclosure of accounting policies which includes consolidation of financial statement if needed, fiscal year of the concern, cash and cash equivalents, methods of inventory valuation, basis of fixed assets record, methods of depreciation, method of assets valuation, pension and retirement benefit plan, income tax, foreign currency translation, basis of estimates, revenue recognition principle etc.;
Any changes of accounting policies;
If certain assets are pledged as security to specific creditors, contingency liabilities and unrealized gains.
Disclosure of segment-wise accounting information (product-wise, and geographic division-wise).
Interim (quarterly) reports of the company’s performance and financial position;
Supplementary information on accounting adjustments for changing in prices;
Events occurring after the balance sheet date;
Related party transactions;
Future prospects of the company.
24
Students' Activities / Re: DIU EEE students runner-up in energy hackathon
« on: April 25, 2017, 05:29:35 PM »
Great news for us.
25
Daffodil Institute of Languages (DIL) / Re: আজকাল ইংরেজি জানাটা আপনার জন্য কেন খুব প্রয়োজন?
« on: April 25, 2017, 05:28:39 PM »
Thank you for sharing.
26
Tourism & Hospitality Management (THM) / Re: কক্সবাজারে নতুন আকর্ষণ মেরিন ড্রাইভ সড়ক
« on: April 25, 2017, 01:45:30 PM »
Thank you for your information.
27
BBA Discussion Forum / Re: Accounting policies for exploration and evaluation
« on: April 20, 2017, 02:23:33 PM »
Thank you sir for sharing.
29
Innovative Teaching Learning Cell (ITLC) / Development
« on: March 19, 2016, 12:33:28 PM »
As each course/subject has its own unique methods of teaching and learning, we would need to look at how individually innovative methods can be developed for each subject.
30
Innovative Teaching Learning Cell (ITLC) / Workshops
« on: March 19, 2016, 12:29:58 PM »
We can hold workshops internally and for other institutions outside DIU. Ideas?