The qualitative characteristics of useful financial reporting identify the types of information are likely to be most useful to users in making decisions about the reporting entity on the basis of information in its financial report. The qualitative characteristics apply equally to financial information in general purpose financial reports as well as to financial information provided in other ways. [2.1, 2.3]
Financial information is useful when it is relevant and represents faithfully what it purports to represent. The usefulness of financial information is enhanced if it is comparable, verifiable, timely and understandable. [2.4]
Fundamental qualitative characteristics
Relevance and faithful representation are the fundamental qualitative characteristics of useful financial information. [2.5]
Relevance
Relevant financial information is capable of making a difference in the decisions made by users. Financial information is capable of making a difference in decisions if it has predictive value, confirmatory value, or both. The predictive value and confirmatory value of financial information are interrelated. [2.6-2.10]
Materiality is an entity-specific aspect of relevance based on the nature or magnitude (or both) of the items to which the information relates in the context of an individual entity's financial report. [2.11]
Faithful representation
General purpose financial reports represent economic phenomena in words and numbers. To be useful, financial information must not only be relevant, it must also represent faithfully the phenomena it purports to represent. Faithful representation means representation of the substance of an economic phenomenon instead of representation of its legal form only. [2.12]
A faithful representation seeks to maximise the underlying characteristics of completeness, neutrality and freedom from error. [2.13]
A neutral depiction is supported by the exercise of prudence. Prudence is the exercise of caution when making judgements under conditions of uncertainty. [2.16]
Applying the fundamental qualitative characteristics
Information must be both relevant and faithfully represented if it is to be useful. [2.20]
Enhancing qualitative characteristics
Comparability, verifiability, timeliness and understandability are qualitative characteristics that enhance the usefulness of information that is relevant and faithfully represented. [2.23]
Comparability
Information about a reporting entity is more useful if it can be compared with a similar information about other entities and with similar information about the same entity for another period or another date. Comparability enables users to identify and understand similarities in, and differences among, items. [2.24-2.25]
Verifiability
Verifiability helps to assure users that information represents faithfully the economic phenomena it purports to represent. Verifiability means that different knowledgeable and independent observers could reach consensus, although not necessarily complete agreement, that a particular depiction is a faithful representation. [2.30]
Timeliness
Timeliness means that information is available to decision-makers in time to be capable of influencing their decisions. [2.33]
Understandability
Classifying, characterising and presenting information clearly and concisely makes it understandable. While some phenomena are inherently complex and cannot be made easy to understand, to exclude such information would make financial reports incomplete and potentially misleading. Financial reports are prepared for users who have a reasonable knowledge of business and economic activities and who review and analyse the information with diligence. [2.34-2.36]
Applying the enhancing qualitative characteristics
Enhancing qualitative characteristics should be maximised to the extent necessary. However, enhancing qualitative characteristics (either individually or collectively) cannot render information useful if that information is irrelevant or not represented faithfully. [2.37]
The cost constraint on useful financial reporting
Cost is a pervasive constraint on the information that can be provided by general purpose financial reporting. Reporting such information imposes costs and those costs should be justified by the benefits of reporting that information. The IASB assesses costs and benefits in relation to financial reporting generally, and not solely in relation to individual reporting entities. The IASB will consider whether different sizes of entities and other factors justify different reporting requirements in certain situations. [2.39, 2.43]
