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32
EEE / Working and Benefits of Solar Power Plant
« on: July 14, 2019, 07:04:48 PM »
What is Solar Power Plant?
Solar energy is the energy that is available from the sun in abundance. Solar power is the conversion of sunlight into electricity. As electricity plays a key role in our day to day life we need it in abundance, as sunlight is clean, and is available for free solar power is created from it. A solar power plant is basically a system that supplies electricity to wide areas. The solar power tower system has many sun-tracking mirrors installed that helps in tracking sunlight into a central receiver. In the solar thermal power system, the radiation of the sun heats the therm-oil that flows inside the receivers to a temperature of 400 degree Celsius so that the downstream heat exchanger can generate steam. The stream is then pressurized into the turbine that drives the generator. Thus the heat collected by the receiver is used as electricity for performing various activities and purposes. The method of this will, however, be explained in detail below.
Solar powers plants that are being for some time now, helps in supplying energy. They act as a source of energy which is total pollution free and environment-friendly. The traditional solar plants that were used before were solar thermal plants. However, the solar power plants can be made very easily in a few years as they are made readily available materials. These solar power plants are huge and hence require lots of pace. Thus the perfect place for their setup would be desserts and other barren unoccupied lands. Apart from the solar power plant that makes use of tracking mirrors we have the photovoltaic cells that help in converting the sunlight into electricity directly. These cells are made of semiconductors i.e. crystalline silicon which are cheap and work effectively. On the whole solar power plants are being built in all the developing countries even though the installation charges are expensive.
How does Solar Power Plant work?
Electricity can be generated in two ways with the help of solar energy or sun’s energy. It can be generated Firstly, with the help of photovoltaic electricity and secondly with solar thermal electricity. Photovoltaic electricity is a method that uses photovoltaic cells to capture direct sunlight. The photovoltaic cells are nothing but solar cells. The solar thermal electricity on the other hand makes use of a solar collector which has mirror for reflecting sunlight into the receiver that heats up the liquid and the heated liquid produces steam which is used to produce electricity.
Working of Photovoltaic Plant:
As mentioned above, this is the working of a thermal plant but, apart from this the working of a thermal power plant can be categorized into three methods:
Parabolic Troughs:
In this method a solar field consists of many parallel rows of solar parabolic trough collectors. They make use of parabola shaped reflectors that reflect the sunlight. This method is used to heat a fluid and as mentioned in the above diagram steams the steam emitted by the heated liquid helps in generation of electricity.
Solar Power Tower:
This system makes use of sun tracing mirrors which are called as heliostats for reflecting and concentrating the energy of the sun. The energy can be concentrated for almost 1500 times. This concentrated energy is later is used for heating the air in the tower to more than 400 degree Celsius. The heat is then captured inside a boiler for the production of electricity with a steam turbine.
Solar Pond:
In this method there is a pool of saltwater which collects solar thermal energy. It makes use of the salinity gradient technology. The bottom layer of the pond is hot and hence it acts as a transparent insulator for trapping sunlight so that heat can be stored for future use.
Efficiency of Solar Power Plant:
Solar power plants are very efficient for providing electricity as they make use of the energy of the sun. As solar energy is used in abundance for various purposes, constant efforts are being to improvise the efficiency of solar panels, solar power plants and other systems. For measuring the efficiency of a solar power plant you first need to measure the density. Also a solar power plant should be efficient enough to supply power when there is no electricity. Solar power pants supply or generate more amount of electricity when earth receives maximum density of sunlight. The power plants however also make use of fossil fuels the conventional power plants burn the fossil fuels for the production of steam, which then drives the turbines for generating electricity. As solar power plant‘s main aim is to supply good amount of power when a person needs it the most. Also solar power plants are installed as back up of electricity. In spite of certain drawbacks, the solar power plants make the right use of the sun’s energy and have till date been successful in supplying electricity all over the world.
Benefits of Solar Power Plant:
Generating electricity with the help of sunlight is something which is going on since many decades. The sun’s energy i.e. solar energy helps in carrying forward lot of activities. Electricity makes life easy and that electricity comes from the sun. Solar power plants help in supplying huge amount of electricity. Solar power pants make use of solar energy which is renewable for creating electricity hence it has in hold many benefits.
They help in keeping the environment pollution free
Help in generating electricity easily
Though the initial installation for the solar power plant is expensive due to the advancement in technology the price of these plants are dipping down
It is a brilliant way to store energy and use it for future
It is a great way to save money as most of the electricity is consumed from the power plants it can help you to reduce bills
As solar power is a renewable source of energy it available free of cost everywhere
It can be used for lighting, mobile charging, security cameras, park lighting etc
When there is no power you can use the electricity generated from solar power plant
A solar power plant requires very low maintenance and at the same time have long life span
It works in the best way when the location is a remote area
Using photovoltaic system helps in increasing the value of your home
As the fuel for running this system is free, you once gain need not worry about emptying your pockets. Using a solar power plant has always been beneficial and it will help you live an easy life.
Types of Solar Power Plant:
We have been talking about what a solar power plant is. Now after knowing what exactly it is, in easier terms it can be stated that it is a method that makes use of the energy of the sun for providing electricity for the working of different appliances.
As mentioned before there are basically three main types of solar power plant namely -
Photovoltaic Solar Energy Plant:
This as mentioned before makes use of photovoltaic cells or solar cells as it is called for generating power. It is used for house wiring and powering electrical appliances.
Thermal Energy Solar Power Plant:
This can be used for heating water and drying clothes. Also this system is used for heating houses during cold days.
Concentrating Solar Power Plant:
This type of solar power plant is very similar to the photovoltaic one. However, the only difference is it makes use of mirrors and lenses for trapping sunlight. The trapped sunlight will then be directed to the photovoltaic cells that will convert into heat energy. These plans are used by big companies and industries.
Source: http://www.electronicshub.org/working-and-benefits-of-solar-power-plant/
Solar energy is the energy that is available from the sun in abundance. Solar power is the conversion of sunlight into electricity. As electricity plays a key role in our day to day life we need it in abundance, as sunlight is clean, and is available for free solar power is created from it. A solar power plant is basically a system that supplies electricity to wide areas. The solar power tower system has many sun-tracking mirrors installed that helps in tracking sunlight into a central receiver. In the solar thermal power system, the radiation of the sun heats the therm-oil that flows inside the receivers to a temperature of 400 degree Celsius so that the downstream heat exchanger can generate steam. The stream is then pressurized into the turbine that drives the generator. Thus the heat collected by the receiver is used as electricity for performing various activities and purposes. The method of this will, however, be explained in detail below.
Solar powers plants that are being for some time now, helps in supplying energy. They act as a source of energy which is total pollution free and environment-friendly. The traditional solar plants that were used before were solar thermal plants. However, the solar power plants can be made very easily in a few years as they are made readily available materials. These solar power plants are huge and hence require lots of pace. Thus the perfect place for their setup would be desserts and other barren unoccupied lands. Apart from the solar power plant that makes use of tracking mirrors we have the photovoltaic cells that help in converting the sunlight into electricity directly. These cells are made of semiconductors i.e. crystalline silicon which are cheap and work effectively. On the whole solar power plants are being built in all the developing countries even though the installation charges are expensive.
How does Solar Power Plant work?
Electricity can be generated in two ways with the help of solar energy or sun’s energy. It can be generated Firstly, with the help of photovoltaic electricity and secondly with solar thermal electricity. Photovoltaic electricity is a method that uses photovoltaic cells to capture direct sunlight. The photovoltaic cells are nothing but solar cells. The solar thermal electricity on the other hand makes use of a solar collector which has mirror for reflecting sunlight into the receiver that heats up the liquid and the heated liquid produces steam which is used to produce electricity.
Working of Photovoltaic Plant:
As mentioned above, this is the working of a thermal plant but, apart from this the working of a thermal power plant can be categorized into three methods:
Parabolic Troughs:
In this method a solar field consists of many parallel rows of solar parabolic trough collectors. They make use of parabola shaped reflectors that reflect the sunlight. This method is used to heat a fluid and as mentioned in the above diagram steams the steam emitted by the heated liquid helps in generation of electricity.
Solar Power Tower:
This system makes use of sun tracing mirrors which are called as heliostats for reflecting and concentrating the energy of the sun. The energy can be concentrated for almost 1500 times. This concentrated energy is later is used for heating the air in the tower to more than 400 degree Celsius. The heat is then captured inside a boiler for the production of electricity with a steam turbine.
Solar Pond:
In this method there is a pool of saltwater which collects solar thermal energy. It makes use of the salinity gradient technology. The bottom layer of the pond is hot and hence it acts as a transparent insulator for trapping sunlight so that heat can be stored for future use.
Efficiency of Solar Power Plant:
Solar power plants are very efficient for providing electricity as they make use of the energy of the sun. As solar energy is used in abundance for various purposes, constant efforts are being to improvise the efficiency of solar panels, solar power plants and other systems. For measuring the efficiency of a solar power plant you first need to measure the density. Also a solar power plant should be efficient enough to supply power when there is no electricity. Solar power pants supply or generate more amount of electricity when earth receives maximum density of sunlight. The power plants however also make use of fossil fuels the conventional power plants burn the fossil fuels for the production of steam, which then drives the turbines for generating electricity. As solar power plant‘s main aim is to supply good amount of power when a person needs it the most. Also solar power plants are installed as back up of electricity. In spite of certain drawbacks, the solar power plants make the right use of the sun’s energy and have till date been successful in supplying electricity all over the world.
Benefits of Solar Power Plant:
Generating electricity with the help of sunlight is something which is going on since many decades. The sun’s energy i.e. solar energy helps in carrying forward lot of activities. Electricity makes life easy and that electricity comes from the sun. Solar power plants help in supplying huge amount of electricity. Solar power pants make use of solar energy which is renewable for creating electricity hence it has in hold many benefits.
They help in keeping the environment pollution free
Help in generating electricity easily
Though the initial installation for the solar power plant is expensive due to the advancement in technology the price of these plants are dipping down
It is a brilliant way to store energy and use it for future
It is a great way to save money as most of the electricity is consumed from the power plants it can help you to reduce bills
As solar power is a renewable source of energy it available free of cost everywhere
It can be used for lighting, mobile charging, security cameras, park lighting etc
When there is no power you can use the electricity generated from solar power plant
A solar power plant requires very low maintenance and at the same time have long life span
It works in the best way when the location is a remote area
Using photovoltaic system helps in increasing the value of your home
As the fuel for running this system is free, you once gain need not worry about emptying your pockets. Using a solar power plant has always been beneficial and it will help you live an easy life.
Types of Solar Power Plant:
We have been talking about what a solar power plant is. Now after knowing what exactly it is, in easier terms it can be stated that it is a method that makes use of the energy of the sun for providing electricity for the working of different appliances.
As mentioned before there are basically three main types of solar power plant namely -
Photovoltaic Solar Energy Plant:
This as mentioned before makes use of photovoltaic cells or solar cells as it is called for generating power. It is used for house wiring and powering electrical appliances.
Thermal Energy Solar Power Plant:
This can be used for heating water and drying clothes. Also this system is used for heating houses during cold days.
Concentrating Solar Power Plant:
This type of solar power plant is very similar to the photovoltaic one. However, the only difference is it makes use of mirrors and lenses for trapping sunlight. The trapped sunlight will then be directed to the photovoltaic cells that will convert into heat energy. These plans are used by big companies and industries.
Source: http://www.electronicshub.org/working-and-benefits-of-solar-power-plant/
37
EEE / Working principle of Thermal power plant
« on: July 14, 2019, 06:36:01 PM »
Almost two third of the electricity requirement of the world is fulfilled by thermal power plants (or thermal power stations). In these power stations, steam is produced by burning some fossil fuel (e.g. coal) and then used to run a steam turbine. Thus, a thermal power station may sometimes be called a Steam Power Station. After the steam passes through the steam turbine, it is condensed in a condenser and again fed back into the boiler to become steam. This is known as a ranking cycle. This article explains how electricity is generated in thermal power plants. As the majority of thermal power plants use coal as their primary fuel, this article is focused on a coal-fired thermal power plant.
Coal: In a coal-based thermal power plant, coal is transported from coal mines to the generating station. Generally, bituminous coal or brown coal is used as fuel. The coal is stored in either 'dead storage' or in 'live storage'. Dead storage is generally 40 days of backup coal storage which is used when coal supply is unavailable. Live storage is a raw coal bunker in the boiler house. The coal is cleaned in a magnetic cleaner to filter out if any iron particles are present which may cause wear and tear in the equipment. The coal from live storage is first crushed in small particles and then taken into pulverizer to make it in powdered form. Fine powdered coal undergoes complete combustion, and thus pulverized coal improves the efficiency of the boiler. The ash produced after the combustion of coal is taken out of the boiler furnace and then properly disposed of. Periodic removal of ash from the boiler furnace is necessary for the proper combustion.
Boiler: The mixture of pulverized coal and air (usually preheated air) is taken into boiler and then burnt in the combustion zone. On ignition of fuel, a large fireball is formed at the center of the boiler and a large amount of heat energy is radiated from it. The heat energy is utilized to convert the water into steam at high temperature and pressure. Steel tubes run along the boiler walls in which water is converted in steam. The flue gases from the boiler make their way through superheater, economizer, air preheater and finally get exhausted to the atmosphere from the chimney.
Superheater: The superheater tubes are hanged at the hottest part of the boiler. The saturated steam produced in the boiler tubes is superheated to about 540 °C in the superheater. The superheated high-pressure steam is then fed to the steam turbine.
Economizer: An economizer is essentially a feed water heater which heats the water before supplying to the boiler.
Air pre-heater: The primary air fan takes air from the atmosphere and it is then warmed in the air pre-heater. Pre-heated air is injected with coal in the boiler. The advantage of pre-heating the air is that it improves coal combustion.
Steam turbine: High-pressure superheated steam is fed to the steam turbine which causes turbine blades to rotate. The energy in the steam is converted into mechanical energy in the steam turbine which acts as the prime mover. The pressure and temperature of the steam falls to a lower value and it expands in volume as it passes through the turbine. The expanded low-pressure steam is exhausted in the condenser.
Condenser: The exhausted steam is condensed in the condenser by means of cold water circulation. Here, the steam loses it's pressure as well as temperature and it is converted back into the water. Condensing is essential because compressing a fluid which is in gaseous state requires a huge amount of energy with respect to the energy required in compressing liquid. Thus, condensing increases efficiency of the cycle.
Alternator: The steam turbine is coupled to an alternator. When the turbine rotates the alternator, electrical energy is generated. This generated electrical voltage is then stepped up with the help of a transformer and then transmitted where it is to be utilized.
Feed water pump: The condensed water is again fed to the boiler by a feed water pump. Some water may be lost during the cycle, which is suitably supplied from an external water source.
This was the basic working principle of a thermal power station and its typical components. A practical thermal plant possess more complicated design and multiple stages of turbine such as High Pressure Turbine (HPT), Intermediate Pressure Turbine (IPT) and Low Pressure Turbine (LPT).
Advantages And Disadvantages Of A Thermal Power Plant
Advantages:
Less initial cost as compared to other generating stations.
It requires less land as compared to hydro power plant.
The fuel (i.e. coal) is cheaper.
The cost of generation is lesser than that of diesel power plants.
Disadvantages:
It pollutes the atmosphere due to the production of large amount of smoke. This is one of the causes of global warming.
The overall efficiency of a thermal power station is low (less than 30%).
Efficiency Of A Thermal Power Station
A huge amount of heat is lost in various stages of the plant. Major part of heat is lost in the condenser. That is why the efficiency of thermal plants is quite low.
Thermal Efficiency: The ratio of 'heat equivalent of mechanical energy transmitted to the turbine shaft' to the 'heat of coal combustion' is called as thermal efficiency.
thermal efficiency of a steam power station
The thermal efficiency of modern thermal power stations is about 30%. It means, if 100 calories of heat are produced by coal combustion, the mechanical energy equivalent of 30 calories will be available at the turbine shaft.
Overall Efficiency: The ratio of 'heat equivalent of electrical output' to the 'heat of coal combustion' is called as overall efficiency.
overall efficiency of a steam power station
The overall efficiency of a thermal plant is about 29% (slightly less than the thermal efficiency).
Coal: In a coal-based thermal power plant, coal is transported from coal mines to the generating station. Generally, bituminous coal or brown coal is used as fuel. The coal is stored in either 'dead storage' or in 'live storage'. Dead storage is generally 40 days of backup coal storage which is used when coal supply is unavailable. Live storage is a raw coal bunker in the boiler house. The coal is cleaned in a magnetic cleaner to filter out if any iron particles are present which may cause wear and tear in the equipment. The coal from live storage is first crushed in small particles and then taken into pulverizer to make it in powdered form. Fine powdered coal undergoes complete combustion, and thus pulverized coal improves the efficiency of the boiler. The ash produced after the combustion of coal is taken out of the boiler furnace and then properly disposed of. Periodic removal of ash from the boiler furnace is necessary for the proper combustion.
Boiler: The mixture of pulverized coal and air (usually preheated air) is taken into boiler and then burnt in the combustion zone. On ignition of fuel, a large fireball is formed at the center of the boiler and a large amount of heat energy is radiated from it. The heat energy is utilized to convert the water into steam at high temperature and pressure. Steel tubes run along the boiler walls in which water is converted in steam. The flue gases from the boiler make their way through superheater, economizer, air preheater and finally get exhausted to the atmosphere from the chimney.
Superheater: The superheater tubes are hanged at the hottest part of the boiler. The saturated steam produced in the boiler tubes is superheated to about 540 °C in the superheater. The superheated high-pressure steam is then fed to the steam turbine.
Economizer: An economizer is essentially a feed water heater which heats the water before supplying to the boiler.
Air pre-heater: The primary air fan takes air from the atmosphere and it is then warmed in the air pre-heater. Pre-heated air is injected with coal in the boiler. The advantage of pre-heating the air is that it improves coal combustion.
Steam turbine: High-pressure superheated steam is fed to the steam turbine which causes turbine blades to rotate. The energy in the steam is converted into mechanical energy in the steam turbine which acts as the prime mover. The pressure and temperature of the steam falls to a lower value and it expands in volume as it passes through the turbine. The expanded low-pressure steam is exhausted in the condenser.
Condenser: The exhausted steam is condensed in the condenser by means of cold water circulation. Here, the steam loses it's pressure as well as temperature and it is converted back into the water. Condensing is essential because compressing a fluid which is in gaseous state requires a huge amount of energy with respect to the energy required in compressing liquid. Thus, condensing increases efficiency of the cycle.
Alternator: The steam turbine is coupled to an alternator. When the turbine rotates the alternator, electrical energy is generated. This generated electrical voltage is then stepped up with the help of a transformer and then transmitted where it is to be utilized.
Feed water pump: The condensed water is again fed to the boiler by a feed water pump. Some water may be lost during the cycle, which is suitably supplied from an external water source.
This was the basic working principle of a thermal power station and its typical components. A practical thermal plant possess more complicated design and multiple stages of turbine such as High Pressure Turbine (HPT), Intermediate Pressure Turbine (IPT) and Low Pressure Turbine (LPT).
Advantages And Disadvantages Of A Thermal Power Plant
Advantages:
Less initial cost as compared to other generating stations.
It requires less land as compared to hydro power plant.
The fuel (i.e. coal) is cheaper.
The cost of generation is lesser than that of diesel power plants.
Disadvantages:
It pollutes the atmosphere due to the production of large amount of smoke. This is one of the causes of global warming.
The overall efficiency of a thermal power station is low (less than 30%).
Efficiency Of A Thermal Power Station
A huge amount of heat is lost in various stages of the plant. Major part of heat is lost in the condenser. That is why the efficiency of thermal plants is quite low.
Thermal Efficiency: The ratio of 'heat equivalent of mechanical energy transmitted to the turbine shaft' to the 'heat of coal combustion' is called as thermal efficiency.
thermal efficiency of a steam power station
The thermal efficiency of modern thermal power stations is about 30%. It means, if 100 calories of heat are produced by coal combustion, the mechanical energy equivalent of 30 calories will be available at the turbine shaft.
Overall Efficiency: The ratio of 'heat equivalent of electrical output' to the 'heat of coal combustion' is called as overall efficiency.
overall efficiency of a steam power station
The overall efficiency of a thermal plant is about 29% (slightly less than the thermal efficiency).
43
Laboratory / Lab Sheet_EEE 450
« on: November 26, 2018, 06:09:57 PM »
Power Plant Engineering Lab Sheet