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1

Bangladesh Civil Service-BCS / BCS: Bangla preparation

« on: October 14, 2014, 02:45:35 PM »

                                                                                   বাংলা সাহিত্য প্রস্তুতি
 
১.আরাকান রাজসভায় বাংলা সাহিত্যের উল্লেখযোগ্য সাহিত্যিকের নাম কি কি?
উঃ দৌলত কাজী, আলাওল, কোরেশী মাগন ঠাকুর, মরদন, আব্দুল করিম খোন্দকর।

২.আরাকানকে বাংলা সাহিত্য কি নামে উল্লেখ করা হয়েছে?
উঃ রোসাং বা রোসাঙ্গ নামে।

৩.কবি আলাওল কোথায় জন্মগ্রহন করেন?
উঃ ফতেহাবাদের জালালপুরে।

৪.মাগন ঠাকুর কে ছিলেন?
উঃ রোসাঙ্গ রাজ্যের প্রধানমন্ত্রী।

৫.“নসীহত নামা” কোন জাতীয় গ্রন্থ? কে রচনা করেছেন?
উঃ মরদন রচিত কাব্যগ্রন্থ।

৬.কার আদেশে দৌলত কাজী ‘সতি ময়না ও লোরচন্দ্রানী’ কাব্য রচনা করেন?
উঃ শ্রী সুধর্ম রাজার আমলে তাঁর লঙ্কর উজির আশরাফ খানের আদেশে।

৭.‘সতি ময়না ও লোরচন্দ্রানী’ কোন শতকে কাব্য?
উঃ সপ্তদশ শতাব্দী।

৮.সতী ময়না ও লোরচন্দ্রানী হিন্দি ভাষার কোন কাব্য অবলম্বনে রচিত?
উঃ হিন্দী কবি সাধন এর ‘মৈনাসত’।

৯.“পদ্মাবতী ’’ কে রচনা করেন ?
উঃ মহাকবি আলাওল।

১০.“পদ্মাবতী ’’ কোন জাতীয় রচনা?
উঃ ঐতিহাসিক প্রণয় উপাখ্যান।

১১.কোন ঐতিহাসিক কাহিনী নিয়ে আলাওল পদ্মাবতী কাব্য রচনা করেন ?
উঃ চিতোরের রানী পদ্মীনির কাহিনী।

১২.আলাওলের অন্যান্য রচনার নাম করুন?
উঃ তোহফা, সেকান্দারনামা, সঙ্গীতন শাস্ত্র (রাগতাল নামা), বাংলা ও ব্রজবুলি ভাষায় রাধাকৃষ্ণ রূপকে রচিত পদাবলী ইত্যাদি।

১৩. ছাড়পত্র কাব্য- সুকান্ত ভট্টাচার্য

১৪.পঞ্চতন্ত্র গ্রন্থঃ সৈয়দ মুজতবা আলী

১৫.নজরুলের প্রথম উপন্যাসঃ বাঁধনহারা

১৬. মদ খাওয়া বড় দায় জাত থাকার কি উপায়, বামারঞ্জিকা, বামাতোষিনীঃ প্যারীচাদ মিত্র

১৭.মেঘনাদ বধ কাব্যে সর্গঃ ৯টি

১৮. আবদুল্লাহ উপন্যাসঃ কাজী ইমদাদুল হক

১৯. অরন্য গোধুলী কাব্যঃ বন্দে আলী মিয়া

২০.বটতলার উপন্যাসঃ রাজিয়া খান

২১. নজরুল ইসলামের দারিদ্র কবিতাঃ সিন্ধু হিন্দোল কাব্যের অন্তর্গত

২২.চিলেকোঠার সেপাইঃ আখতারুজ্জামান ইলিয়াস

২৩.শান্তিধারাঃ এয়াকুব আলী চৌধুরী

২৪.বৈষ্ণব পদাবলীর আদি রচয়িতাঃ চন্ডীদাস

২৫.ইসমাইল হোসেন সিরাজী যে কাব্যগ্রন্থের জন্য কারাবরণ করেন তার নাম কি?
উঃ অনল প্রবাহ।

২৬.‘উমর ফারুক’ কবিতা কাজী নজরুল ইসলামের কোন কাব্যগ্রন্থের অর্ন্তভুক্ত?
উঃ জিঞ্জির।

২৭.‘উদাসিন পথিকের মনের কথা’ উপন্যাসের রচয়িতা কে?
উঃ মীর মশার্*রফ হোসেন।

২৮.‘উত্তম-পুরুষ’ উপন্যাসের রচয়িতা কে?
উঃ রশীদ করিম।

২৯.‘এ গ্রামার অব দি বেংলী ল্যাঙ্গুয়েজ’ এর রচিয়তা কে?
উঃ ন্যাথানিয়েল ব্রাসি হ্যালহেড।

৩০.‘একেই কি বলে সভ্যতা’ প্রহসণটি কার রচনা?
উঃ মাইকেল মধুসুদন দত্ত।

৩১.‘এসো বিজ্ঞানের রাজ্যে’ গ্রন্থটির রচিয়তা কে?
উঃ আব্দুল্লাহ আল মুতী সরফুদ্দিন।

৩২.‘ওরা কদম আলী’ নাটকের রচিয়তা কে?
উঃ মামুনুর রশিদ।

৩৩.‘ওজারতির দুই বছর’ গ্রন্থটির রচিয়তার নাম কি?
উঃ আতাউর রহমান খান।

৩৪.‘প্রধানমন্ত্রীত্বের নয় মাস’ গ্রন্থটির রচিয়তার নাম কি?
উঃ আতাউর রহমান খান।

৩৫.‘স্বৈরাচারের দশ বছর’ গ্রন্থটির রচিয়তার নাম কি?
উঃ আতাউর রহমান খান।

৩৬.‘কড়ি দিয়ে কিনলাম’ উপন্যাসটি রচনা করেন কে?
উঃ বিমল মিত্র।

৩৭.‘কড়ি ও কোমল’ গ্রন্থের রচিয়তা কে?
উঃ রবীন্দ্রনাথ ঠাকুর।

৩৮.‘কমলাকান্তের দপ্তর’ গ্রন্থের রচিয়তা কে?
উঃ বঙ্কিমচন্দ্র চট্রোপাধ্যায়।

৩৯.‘কমলাকান্তের দপ্তর’ কোন ধরনের রচনা?
উঃ র্তীযক ব্যঙ্গাত্মক।

৪০.‘কৃষ্ণকান্তের উইল’ উপন্যাসের রচিয়তা কে?
উঃ বঙ্কিমচন্দ্র চট্রোপাধ্যায়।

৪১.‘ক্রীতদাসের হাসি’ উপন্যাসের রচিয়তা কে?
উঃ শওকত ওসমান।

৪২.‘কুলীনকুল সর্বস্ব’ নাটকের রচিয়তা কে?
উঃ রামনারায়ন তর্করত্ন।

৪৩.‘কাফেলা’ নাটকের রচিয়তার নাম কি?
উঃ ইব্রাহিম খাঁ।

৪৪.‘কামাল পাশা’ ও ‘আনোয়ার পাশা’ গ্রন্থ দুটির রচয়িতার নাম কি?
উঃ ইব্রাহিম খাঁ।

৪৫.‘কবর’ নাটকটির রচিয়তা কে?
উঃ মুনীর চৌধুরী।

৪৬.‘কবর’ নাটকের পটভুমি কি ?
উঃ ৫২-এর ভাষা আন্দোলন।

৪৭.‘কবর’ নাটকটি প্রথম কোথায় মঞ্চায়িত হয়?
উঃ ঢাকা কেন্দ্রীয় কারাগারে।

৪৮.‘কবর’ কাবিতাটির রচয়িতা কে?
উঃ জসীমউদ্দিন।

2

Art / Re: Art & Culture in Bangladesh

« on: October 14, 2014, 02:24:53 PM »

Nice sharing. Thanks a lot.

3

Art / Calligraphy

« on: October 14, 2014, 02:22:29 PM »

Ibn Muqla: The prophet of Arabic Calligraphy

-Md. Monirul Islam

[Arabic calligraphy is the most prominent art form in Islamic culture, mostly due to the prominence of the Quran. Calligraphers had a higher status than painters well into the 14th century. Some esteemed calligraphers were called "prophets" and even tell of receiving their script or technique in visions. For example, Tabrizi (died 1346) claimed to have received the nastaliq script in a dreamlike vision of the prophet's cousin and 4th caliph Ali. Ibn Muqla was the most famous of all who is called the prophet of Arabic Calligrahy.]

One of the most famous calligraphers in Islamic history was Ibn Muqla who lived in Baghdad in the late 9th-early 10th centuries. His gift as an artist was likened to the inspiration of bees as they build the cells in their beehive. Ibn Muqla set out the initial principles of proportionally perfect script by developing them according to how many rhomboids (the design of the pen nib on the paper) fit on the Arabic letter alif (English letter "a"). He set up what are called the "Six Pens" of Ibn Muqla which include the 6 scripts of riqa, muhaqqaq, raayan, naski, thuluth, and tumar.
This greatest Arabic calligrapher of all time was an architect of script. He not only developed and improved several styles of writing (among them Thuluth and Naskhi), but was also first to propose a theory of the dimensions of written characters, keeping them in harmony and symmetry with each other. His doctrine of proportion holds to this day, and can easily be used to check whether or not the proportions of a work of calligraphy are correct or not.

Ibn Muqla was a gifted mathematician, calligraphic scholar and natural scientist, and the author of some remarkably straightforward and candid poems. He also studied the works of theologians and atheists – writers such as Ibn al Rawandi, Ibn al-Muqaffa’, al-Rasi and al-Farabi. He was inspired most of all by the polymath scholar al-Jahiz; unlike al-Jahiz, however, Ibn Muqla enjoyed being close to the rulers of his time – whereas al-Jahiz could not endure more than three days at the court of Caliph al-Ma’mun, the great patron of science and literature who reigned from 813–33.


Born and Family Background:

If anyone can be called ‘the Leonardo da Vinci of Arabic calligraphy‘ it is Abu Ali Muhammad bin Hassan bin Muqla, known simply as‘Ibn Muqla’, born in the slums of Baghdad in 885. (Ibn Muqla’s name is a curiosity in itself: Muqla, a poetic word for ‘eye’, was the affectionate nickname given to his mother by her father, who loved this particular daughter. When she married a poor calligrapher, the family was called not after him or his clan, but after her – a rare occurrence in Arab culture, then as now.) Ibn Muqla’s father, grandfather and brother, as well as his own children and grandchildren, were all calligraphers; and Ibn Muqla was the most famous of them all.
Learning Life:
He learned the art of calligraphy when young, and at the age of sixteen he became the star pupil of the famous calligrapher Ibn Furat, who later rose to the rank of vizier in the ‘Abbasid Empire. Ibn Muqla’s former teacher then found him a post in the state civil service as a tax gatherer for the caliph, and the young man grew very rich indeed.

Atmosphere:

Though the ‘Abbasid Empire was the most powerful civilisation in the world of its time, the golden age of the first nine caliphs already lay in the distant past. In Ibn Muqla’s lifetime, which spanned the end of the ninth century and the beginning of the tenth, Arab culture was very sophisticated. Baghdad produced more paper and books than the whole of Europe put together; there were more bookshops to be found in the city than in the rest of the world. Politically, however, the empire was visibly breaking up. Its peripheries, where local rulers (in Damascus, Aleppo, Cairo, the Maghreb, Andalusia and elsewhere) were practically autonomous, were not the only regions affected: rebellions reached the centre of power and shook it to its foundations. The rebels who made their way to Baghdad and Mecca were often Shi‘i Muslims, or drawn from the ranks of non-Arab peoples. They humiliated the Sunni caliph al-Muqtadir, repeatedly destroying his cities (e.g. Basra in 912 and 924, Mecca in 929). 
The bureaucrats, the harem and the emirs who led the army and the police all gained more and more power in Baghdad at the expense of the caliph, who was not infrequently deposed and arrested, his property seized by his own party – only to be liberated by the other side and reinstated as the ‘new’ caliph. It was in this atmosphere that Ibn Muqla lived and worked.
Occupation:
Chief Minister of three Abbasids, inventor of the proportioned scripts.
Writing System:
Ibn Muqla's writing system, known as al-khatt al-mansub, enabled the letters of any given script to be in proportion to one another. It required a well cut pen (qalam) with a deep slit for holding ink. The nib produced a rhombus-shaped dot that became the basic unit of a geometric letter design system. Writing an alif (the long, vertical Arabic A) required a number of dots one on top of the other, resulting in the maximum height of any other letter. The alif acted as control: its total height was the diameter of a circle that enclosed all letters of a particular script. Accordingly, letters were in proportion to one another in as much as they were proportional to the circle produced by the alif. The proportions held regardless of letter size, which resulted from the actual size of the nib.
Ibn Muqla applied this system to six modes of writing, producing the six pens (al-aqlam al-sitta) of what is known as Arabic calligraphy or, more accurately, khatt.
The first letter in Arabic, alif, is a vertical stroke, and was chosen by Ibn Muqla as the criterion for all written characters. Since Ibn Muqla all calligraphers begin by choosing the length of alif as a measure in their script. The calculation is worked out by means of vertically placed diacritical marks – rhomboid ‘dots’, the size of which depends on the width of the pen as it is pressed down on the paper. All the other letters, whether horizontal or vertical, are adjusted to the size worked out by Ibn Muqla and determined by a given number of diacritics. In addition, the curves of many letters lie along a circle with a diameter corresponding to the length of the character alif. This technique is sometimes referred to as ‘proportional script’, because all the letters relate to the size of alif and the width of the pen (that is to say, of the dot it makes). Keeping to these proportions is analogous to maintaining the rhythm of a musical composition. It introduces harmony to the script, making ‘music for the eye’. After years of practice, every master calligrapher does it automatically. However, the dots always allow for a quick check as to whether or not the proportions are correct.

The reform produced a new aesthetic canon; later medieval scribes and connoisseurs judged the beauty of writing according to the degree of clarity and harmony produced through the new system. Although the reforms may have been originally intended for secular texts, their adoption for copying scripture was complete within two generations. The change in the visual appearance of the holy text reflected controversies over the nature of the Quran and its message, which the Abbasids considered eternal and accessible to all. The clarity and legibility of proportioned writing mirrored this ideological position and combated proponents of an esoteric message accessible only to a chosen elite.
Contribution:
•   Poet and Calligrapher Ibn Muqla and his brother and calligraphy artist Abu Abdullah Ibn Muqla (died, 949 A.D) consolidated (in the mean of classic) the Calligraphy as a real subject of Fine Arts. They both decorated and beautified the calligraphy in the proportional writhing, which stimulates the value of the Art gradually. Ali Ibn Hilal Ibn Baowab (died, 1022 A.D) pupil of Ibn Muqla was the first prominent Artist of conspicuous art work in the history of Islam. Ibn Baowab was able to establish this art to apex of the fine arts due to being an interior painter and devoted to the calligraphy. 
•   Ibn Muqla was responsible for inventing or implementing a number of administrative reforms. These included the regularization of scripts necessary for documentation and for copying historical and other cultural tracts and that were later used for copying the Quran. Recent research shows that these reforms disrupted preexisting systems and eliminated the class of professional Quran copyists. These findings revise Orientalist views of Arabic calligraphy as an evolutionary process and as an Islamic art form that merely compensated for the supposed absence of figural representation.

•   Codified the six scripts (al aqlam al-sitta) that became the foundation for the practice of calligraphy to come. The six scripts are: Muhaqqaq, Thuluth, Rayhani, Naskh, Tawqi, Riqa.
 
 
•   Established a proportional writing system that used a circle with the diameter of the letter alif as its basis.
 
                                               

•   Wrote extensively about the art of calligraphy and devised theories of letter shapes.

Political Life:
Ibn Muqla was a great politician in Bagdad. But Ibn Muqla, too, fell victim to the politics of the Abbasid court at the end of his life. He was imprisoned, suffered the amputation of his right hand, and died in disgrace.
Biography in brief:
•   Born in Baghdad in 885 A.D
•   Became a scribe in the administration of the ‘Abbasid caliphate (750-1258)
•   Became head of the state library
•   Was made vizier (chief counselor) three times between 928 and 936, all under different rulers
•   Was imprisoned three times during periods of political turmoil
•   During one imprisonment, his enemies cut off his right hand. When released, he continued to work with great skill using his left hand
•   Finally, his left hand was severed, his tongue cut out, and he was cast into prison where he died




References:
1.  Rafiq Shami, The story of the beauty of Arabic Script, 2010
2.  Mohammad Abdur Rahim, Islami Calligraphy, Dhaka, 2007
3.  মোহাম্মদ আবদুর রহীম, ইসলামী ক্যালিগ্রাফি শৈল্পিক-সাংস্কৃতিক বিকাশ,   ঢাকা , ১২ ফেব্রুয়ারি, ২০১০ ।
4.  Islamic-art.org Team, Ibn Muqla-Master Calligrapher, March, 2014
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4

Library of DIU / Re: Some tips for good employers

« on: October 14, 2014, 02:12:27 PM »

Thanks for nice sharing, sir.

5

Library of DIU / Re: RFID Technology: Building a new environment in Libraries

« on: September 27, 2014, 03:30:25 PM »

Sir, thanks a lot for your good thinking. To protect from losing library materials, the importance of RIFD is also undeniable. We hope, DIUL will implement this technology in near future.

6

Library of DIU / Re: Book Drop Box for Out-of-Hours Returns, DIU Library

« on: September 02, 2014, 02:40:11 PM »

It's another good service system of a library for students. Sometimes a few students can't be able to return library materials in office time due to their unavoidable situation, I think it will be solve these type of problems.

7

Library of DIU / Digital Library & DLMS : Perspective of Bangladeshi University Libraries

« on: August 14, 2014, 11:48:31 AM »

What is Digital Library ?

Digital Library refers to a collection that constitutes electronic resources, accessible through the World Wide Web. It often contains electronic versions of books, photograph, videos that are owned by a "physical" library.

Digital libraries can vary immensely in size and scope, and can be maintained by individuals, organizations, or affiliated with established physical library buildings or institutions, or with academic institutions. The electronic content may be stored locally, or accessed remotely via computer networks. An electronic library is a type of information retrieval system.

Digital Library Software

It may open source or customized software presents a system for the construction and presentation of information collections. With many Open Source Software (OSS) applications now available for library and information management , Organizations now have novel options for acquiring and implementing systems. The most useful digital library software applications and institutional repository software used in different public & private university libraries for library & information management.

Digital Library Management System (DLMS)

Digital Libraries have greatly evolved during the last few years. Digital library management system evolved with the inception of digital library. This system provides the appropriate framework both for the production and administration of digital library system. The DLMS available are commercial as well as open source. But, Open Source DLMS's studied are:

1. Koha
Koha is the first free software library automation package. In use worldwide, its development is steered by growing community of users collaborating to achieve their technology goals. Listed below are some of special features possessed by the koha:
a) Full-featured ILS
b) Library Standards Compliant
c) Web-based Interface

Most of the university libraries of Bangladesh like Daffodil International University, BRAC University, East West University, North South University etc are using this useful open source integrated library software to provide their services to the users.

2. Greenstone
Greenstone Digital Library Software is a project from New Zealand that provides a new way of organizing information and making it available over the Internet. Listed below are some of special features possessed by Greenstone:
a) Accessible via web browser
b) Full Text and Field search
c) Flexible browsing facilities

East West University, Eastern University use the Greenstone as their digital library software.

3. DSpace
The Institutional Repository, DSpace is a joint project of the MIT Libraries and HP labs.It is a digital asset management system that allows institutions, such as libraries to collect, archive, index and disseminate the scholarly and intellectual efforts of a community. Some of its characteristics as shown in DSpace documentation are as :
a) It is a service model for open access and / or digitak archiving for perennial access.
b) Provide a platform to frame an institutional repository
c) Helps to make available institution-based scholarly material in digital formats.

Most of the leading public and private university libraries like University of Dhaka, Daffodil International University, BRAC University, use DSpace as repository.

8

Library of DIU / Re: Beachside Library Launched at Tel Aviv

« on: August 13, 2014, 01:08:51 PM »

It will be double funny!!

9

Library of DIU / Re: Little Free Library

« on: August 13, 2014, 01:06:39 PM »

So Interesting....!!!

10

Library of DIU / Re: Library Database vs. Website Search Engine

« on: August 13, 2014, 01:04:35 PM »

You are right madam. Your comparative analysis between library database & web search engine proved the truth. Thanks for your nice sharing...

11

English / Re: Where do I start?

« on: August 13, 2014, 12:03:31 PM »

So helpful feature.

12

English / Re: Digital Bangladesh

« on: August 13, 2014, 11:49:06 AM »

Sujon Vai,

Thanks for ur nice short Article. Really corruption can be removed largely from our society if we ensure digitalization in all sector but we have to confirm first our morality.

13

English / Re: Personal IELTS Experience: Registration, Preparation, Exam and (Tricks, Tips).

« on: June 01, 2014, 11:25:48 AM »

''So many thanks'' for your helpful post.

14

Library of DIU / Re: Regarding Library Management Software (koha)

« on: June 01, 2014, 11:22:21 AM »

I think, it is one of the most useful automated library software in the world.

15

English / Re: Practice for fluency in English

« on: June 01, 2014, 10:56:30 AM »

আজকে ability শব্দটির সাথে adjective যোগ করে প্রথমে phrase তারপর আরেকটু বিস্তৃত করার চেষ্টা করবো-

কিছু প্রয়োজনীয় adjective, যার সাথে ability শব্দটি যোগ করতে পারি :

    academic =     প্রাতিষ্ঠানিক শিক্ষা সংক্রান্ত
    Acting=            অভিনয় সংক্রান্ত
    artistic=          শৈল্পিক
    athletic=         শরীরচর্চা সংক্রান্ত
    average=        গড়
    exceptional=   ব্যতিক্রমধর্মী
    extraordinary=অসাধারণ
    great=             বিশাল
    inherent=        স্বভাবজাত
    innate=            জন্মগত
    intellectual=     বুদ্ধিদীপ্ত
    limited=           সীমিত
    low=                নিম্ন, কম
    mathematical= গাণিতিক
    mental=           মানসিক
    mixed=             মিশ্র
    musical=          সংগীত সংক্রান্ত
    natural=          প্রাকৃতিক
    outstanding=  অসাধারণ
    physical=         শারীরিক
    reading=         পঠন সংক্রান্ত
    remarkable=   উল্লখযোগ্য
   
উক্ত adjective গুলোর সাথে ability ‍শব্দটি ( noun ) যোগ করলে যে phrase  হয়, তা হলো-
    academic ability
    acting ability
    artistic ability
    athletic ability
    average ability
    exceptional ability
    extraordinary ability
    great ability
    inherent ability
    innate ability
    intellectual ability
    limited ability
    low ability
    mathematical ability
    mental ability
    mixed ability
    musical ability
    natural ability
    outstanding ability
    physical ability
    reading ability
    remarkable ability

পদগুচ্ছগুলো আমরা যদি আরেকটু বিস্তৃত করি, তাহলে দাঁড়াবে-

  ‍  a player's mental ability
    it's your great ability
    it's their limited ability
    this is their mixed ability
    it's very low ability
    it's your average ability
    children's mathematical ability
    Einstein's intellectual ability
    her athletic ability
    his acting ability
    his exceptional ability
    her natural ability
    his exceptional ability
    man's inherent ability
    that athlete's physical ability
    that extraordinary ability
    the animal's innate ability
    the applicant's academic ability
    the boy's outstanding ability
    their remarkable ability
    your reading ability