In April 2014, just after world health officials identified a series of suspicious deaths in Guinea as an outbreak of Ebola, 10 ecologists, 4 veterinarians, and an anthropologist traveled to a Guinean village named Meliandou. Theirs was a detective mission to determine how this outbreak began. How had “patient zero,” a 2-year-old boy named Emile, contracted the Ebola virus?
Because we believe people catch Ebola through contact with infected animals, ecologists have long sought the animal “reservoirs” that harbor the virus and pass it along (often without getting sick themselves). With every new outbreak of a zoonotic disease like Ebola, scientists race to identify the reservoirs so that public health officials can determine the method of transmission and perhaps prevent more “spillover events,” in which the disease flows from animal reservoirs to people. Such is today’s post hoc, reactive model of dealing with outbreaks.
In Meliandou, the Ebola detectives interviewed villagers, studied primate populations in nearby forests, and collected bats in nets. In December 2014, they published a paper hypothesizing that little Emile had contracted Ebola from a colony of insect-eating bats that lived in a hollow tree, near where the local children often played. But the tree had caught fire before the team arrived in the village and the bats were gone, so the investigators couldn’t say for sure.
