History

[kazi shahin]

Why we don't talk about history? History is a very essential part of our life.

It will be good practice in forum to discuss about history.

[papelrezwan]

Yes, history is very important. Obviously we can discuss about history in the forum.

I am starting………

History:
An erudition or eloquent by inquest; the knowledge of truth and trial, so obtained; hence, a formal statement of such information; a narrative; a description; a written record; as, the history of a patient's case; the history of a lawmaking bill.
A logical, written account of events, particularly of those affecting a nation, institution, science, or art, and usually connected with a philosophical explanation of their causes; a true story, as distinguished from a romance; -- distinguished also from annals, which relate simply the facts and events of each year, in strict chronological order; from biography, which is the record of an individual's life; and from memoir, which is history composed from personal experience, observation, and memory.

[kazi shahin]

Dear sir

Thank you very much to appreciate the topic.
You have state a very clear definition about history. Do you can give another simple definition from your own word please.

[bidita]

Without history we will do nothing....it learned our self continuously....
THANKS Shahin for giving us this post........

[bidita]

Business History is an international journal concerned with the long-run evolution and contemporary operation of business systems and enterprises. Its primary purpose is to make available the findings of advanced research, empirical and conceptual, into matters of global significance, such as corporate organization and growth, multinational enterprise, business efficiency, entrepreneurship, technological change, finance, marketing, human resource management, professionalization and business culture.
The journal has won a reputation for academic excellence and has a wide readership amongst management specialists, economists and other social scientists and economic, social, labour and business historians.
 
Business History: The emerging agenda

The core strategy of Business History is to promote business history as a Sui generics scholarly discipline, engaging on an equal footing with mainstream history and the wider social sciences. To achieve this, the journal will continue to be international, comparative, thematic and theoretically informed. In the post-Chandler world, the agenda for business history is to extend its scale and scope specifically to :

    * widen its international scope: business activities in underrepresented regions, for example Latin America, Africa and Asia
    * go back beyond the 19th and 20th centuries to include ancient, medieval and early modern eras
    * inform the policy agenda; historical examples of regulatory success and failure, nationalizations and privatizations
    * engage with the business and management agendas; entrepreneurship, competitive advantage, corporate governance
    * theoretical development; independent theory or theories of business history

Peer Review Policy

All research articles in this journal are rigorously peer reviewed, based on initial editor screening and anatomized reviewing by at least two referees.
Disclaimer
Taylor & Francis makes every effort to ensure the accuracy of all the information (the “Content”) contained in its publications. However, Taylor & Francis and its agents and licensors make no representations or warranties whatsoever as to the accuracy, completeness or suitability for any purpose of the Content and disclaim all such representations and warranties whether express or implied to the maximum extent permitted by law. Any views expressed in this publication are the views of the authors and are not the views of Taylor & Francis.



I think it will help from others....

[kazi shahin]

Dear bidita

Of course it help us. You have written a long post from your own word; i must congratulate & appreciate you.
It's very good practice to write from own word.

[bidita]

Today i want to share Banking history:::

Banking activities were sufficiently important in Babylonia in the second millennium b.c. that written standards of practice were considered necessary.   These standards were part of the Code of Hammurabi the earliest known formal laws.   Obviously, these primitive banking transactions were very different in many ways to their modern-day counterparts.   Deposits were not of money but of cattle, grain or other crops and eventually precious metals.   Nevertheless, some of the basic concepts underlying today banking system were present in these ancient arrangements, however.   A wide range of deposits was accepted, loans were made, and borrowers paid interest to lenders.[1]

 

Similar banking type arrangements could also be found in ancient Egypt.   These arrangements stemmed from the requirement that grain harvests be stored in centralized state warehouses.   Depositors could use written orders for the withdrawal of a certain quantity of grain as a means of payment.   This system worked so well that it continued to exist even after private banks dealing in coinage and precious metals were established[2].

 

We can trace modern-day banking to practices in the Medieval Italian cities of Florence, Venice and Genoa.   The Italian bankers made loans to princes, to finance wars and their lavish lifestyles, and to merchants engaged in international trade.   In fact, these early banks tended to be set up by trading families as a part of their more general business activities.   The Bardi and Peruzzi families were dominant in Florence in the 14th century and established branches in other parts of Europe to facilitate their trading activities[3].   Both these banks extended substantial loans to Edward III of England to finance the 100 years war against France.  But Edward defaulted, and the banks failed.

Perhaps the most famous of the medieval Italian banks was the Medici bank, set up by Giovanni Medici in 1397[4].   The Medici had a long history as money changers, but it was Giovanni who moved the business from a green-covered table in the market place into the hall of a palace he had built for himself.   He expanded the scope of the business and established branches of the bank as far north as London.   While the Medici bank extended the usual loans to merchants and royals, it also enjoyed the distinction of being the main banker for the Pope.   Papal business earned higher profits for the bank than any of its other activities and was the main driving force behind the establishment of branches in other Italian cities and across Europe.

 

Much of the international business of the medieval banks was carried out through the use of bills of exchange.   At the simplest level, this involved a creditor providing local currency to the debtor in return for a bill stating that a certain amount of another currency was payable at a future date � often at the next big international fair.  Because of the prohibition on directly charging interest, the connection between banking and trade was essential.  The bankers would take deposits in one city, make a loan to someone transporting goods to another city, and then take repayment at the destination.  The repayment was usually in a different currency, so it could easily incorporate what is essentially an interest payment, circumventing the church prohibitions.  An example shows how it worked. A Florentine bank would lend 1000 florins in Florence requiring repayment of 40,000 pence in three months in the bank�s London office. In London, the bank would then loan out the 40,000 pence to be repaid in Florence at a rate of 36 pence per florin in three months.  In six months, the bank makes 11.1 percent � that�s an annual rate of 23.4 percent. It is also interesting to note that a double-entry bookkeeping system was used by these medieval bankers and that payments could be executed purely by book transfer[5]. 

 

During the 17th and 18th centuries the Dutch and British improved upon Italian banking techniques.  A key development often credited to the London goldsmiths around this time was the adoption of fractional reserve banking[6].   By the middle of the 17th century, the civil war had resulted in the demise of the goldsmiths� traditional business of making objects of gold and silver.   Forced to find a way to make a living, and have the means to safely store precious metal, they turned to accepting deposits of precious metals for safekeeping. The goldsmith would then issue a receipt for the deposit.  At first, these receipts circulated as form of money.  But eventually, the goldsmiths realized that, since not all of the depositors would demand their gold and silver simultaneously, they could issue more receipts than they had metal in their vault.

 

Banks became an integral part of the US economy from the beginning of the Republic. Five years after the Declaration of Independence, the first chartered bank was established in Philadelphia in 1781,[7] and by 1794, there were seventeen more.   At first, bank charters could only be obtained through an act of legislation. But, in 1838, New York adopted the Free Banking Act, which allowed anyone to engage in banking business as long as they met certain legal specifications.   As free banking quickly spread to other states, problems associated with the system soon became apparent.   For example, banks incorporated under these state laws had the right to issue their own bank notes.   This led to a multiplicity of notes � many of which proved to be worthless in the (all too common) event of a bank failure. 

 

With the civil war came legislation that provided for a federally chartered system of banks.   This legislation allowed national banks to issue notes and placed a tax on state issued bank notes.   These national bank notes came with a federal guarantee, which protected the note-holder if the bank failed.   This new legislation also brought all banks under federal supervision.   In essence, it laid the foundations of the present-day system.

[kazi shahin]

I think many of us didn't know about Banking history. Lot's of information about growing & developing Bank. I did't never thought about this. Really interesting & learn-able post.

[bidita]

Thanks Shahin

I love History ...Because without history we are nothing you know...

In near future we will know about  world history...it is very interesting...coming soon ....

[kazi shahin]

Thanks

I'm looking forward to get your coming soon .....

[Shamim Ansary]

15 Historical Facts You Don’t Know

We all love facts – especially historical ones and ones that are new to us. This list looks at 15 facts that are, hopefully, unknown to most of us here. From the Ancient world to the early modern times, these are all entries that have not appeared before on Listverse. Be sure to add your own unusual or little-known facts to the comments.

Simeon Stylites Stepping Down

1. Saint Simeon Stylites (pictured) was a monk who gained fame in the 5th century for spending 37 years standing on a small platform on top of a tall pillar in Syria. He did it for ascetic reasons and his example was followed in later years by other well known stylite saints. His story is quite amazing and you can read more about it here.

2. In the First Dynasty of ancient Egypt, hoards of staff and family members were walled up with the body of the dead king. The humans and animals buried with the king were expected to help him in the afterlife.

3. In 1927 Otto Rohwedder invented sliced bread. He made the first machine to slice and wrap bread and won a patent for the process. After only six years from invention, more sliced bread was sold than unsliced.

4. In 1911, pigtails were banned in China because they were seen as a link with its feudal past.

5. To save the effort of sailing boats upstream, Mesopotamian traders built collapsable boats which they would sail downstream with a donkey on board. At the other end of their journey they would sell the frame and when they finished trading, they would use the donkey to return home.

6. In ancient Rome the punishment for killing one’s father was to be drowned in a sack along with a viper, a dog, and a rooster. The reason behind this? I have no idea.

Alexander the Great

7. Alexander the Great (pictured) invented a spying technique still used today: he had his soldiers write letters home, which he then intercepted and read to discover who was against him.

8. In Gubbio, Northern Italy, a race has been run every year since the 12th century – and the outcome is rigged. Villagers carry three statues in the race, Saints Ubaldo (for whom the race was started), Anthony and George. Every year Saint Ubaldo comes first, Saint George second, and Saint Anthony last.

9. When anaesthetic was used for the first time in childbirth in 1847, the mother was so amazed and relieved at how painless the birth was that she named her child Anaesthesia.

10. The last time a cavalry charge was used in war was in the Second World War. A mongolian cavalry division charged against a German infantry division – the result? Not one German was killed and 2,000 of the cavalry were.

11. The grid layout used in many cities around the world is not a new invention – it first appeared in the city of Mohenjo Daro, in India, 4,500 years ago. The houses to the side of the streets had bare walls facing the street to keep out the sun and dust from carts.

Alice Stebbins Wells

12. The first policewoman was Alice Stebbins Wells (pictured) who joined the LAPD in 1910. Because she was the first (and only) policewoman, she designed her own police uniform. Four years later, Britain had their first woman policeman.

13. In the 1700s in Paris, women wore hats with lightning rods attached when venturing outdoors during bad weather. Bad idea.

14. In circa 3100–3050 BC Egypt was ruled by its very first Pharaoh – King Menes. It was said that he was the first human ruler – inheriting the throne from the god Horus.

15. Gorgias of Epirus (3rd century BC), a Greek sophist, was born in his dead mother’s coffin! Pallbearers heard him crying out as they carried his mother’s coffin to the grave.

[Mostakima Yesmin]

                                                                     History of Statistics

   The Word statistics have been derived from Latin word “Status” or the Italian word “Statista”, meaning of these words is “Political State” or a Government. Shakespeare used a word Statist is his drama Hamlet (1602). In the past, the statistics was used by rulers. The application of statistics was very limited but rulers and kings needed information about lands, agriculture, commerce, population of their states to assess their military potential, their wealth, taxation and other aspects of government.

            Gottfried Achenwall used the word statistik at a German University in 1749 which means that political science of different countries. In 1771 W. Hooper (Englishman) used the word statistics in his translation of Elements of Universal Erudition written by Baron B.F Bieford, in his book statistics has been defined as the science that teaches us what is the political arrangement of all the modern states of the known world. There is a big gap between the old statistics and the modern statistics, but old statistics also used as a part of the present statistics.

       During the 18th century the English writer have used the word statistics in their works, so statistics has developed gradually during last few centuries. A lot of work has been done in the end of the nineteenth century.
          At the beginning of the 20th century, William S Gosset was developed the methods for decision making based on small set of data. During the 20th century several statistician are active in developing new methods, theories and application of statistics. Now these days the availability of electronics computers is certainly a major factor in the modern development of statistics.

Some scholars pinpoint the origin of statistics to 1663, with the publication of Natural and Political Observations upon the Bills of Mortality by John Graunt.[11]  Early applications of statistical thinking revolved around the needs of states to base policy on demographic and economic data, hence its stat- etymology. The scope of the discipline of statistics broadened in the early 19th century to include the collection and analysis of data in general. Today, statistics is widely employed in government, business, and the natural and social sciences.

Its mathematical foundations were laid in the 17th century with the development of probability theory by Blaise Pascal and Pierre de Fermat. Probability theory arose from the study of games of chance. The method of least squares was first described by Carl Friedrich Gauss around 1794. The use of modern computers has expedited large-scale statistical computation, and has also made possible new methods that are impractical to perform manually.