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What does THEORIES do?

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Gopa B. Caesar:
Characters:
Western Marxism turned Marxist criticism into a cultural critique from the philosophical perspective.
Interdisciplinarity is another feature of the Western Marxism.
Researching many new fields which Marx and Engels had never studied through associated with other new theories in 20th century.
Critical attitude towards new social problems emerged in the West world in 20th century.

Gopa B. Caesar:
Keywords:

Ideology:
      Ideology is idea or belief come from social classes in their relations with each other.It is seen be rooted in the material conditions of the everyday life of classes,because classes are not equal,ideology is thought as a distorted representation of the truth,or “false consciousness”.

Hegemony:
      The concept of hegemony was proposed by Italian Marxist theorist and activist Antonio Gramsci to understand how social groups organize their rule.He suggested that rule involves both domination and hegemony that is the organization of consent based on establishing the legitimacy of leadership and developing shared ideas,values, beliefs and meanings.

Gopa B. Caesar:
Part  5   Feminism Criticism

Times:
       There are three phase in feminism:first-wave (late 19th and early 20th century ),second-wave and post-modern feminism . Second-wave Feminist criticism developed since the women’s movement beginning in the early 1960s,and with women’s studies programs growing in American higher education,Feminism criticism divided into many types in 1970s and 1980s.E.Showalter identified four models of them:The biological, linguistic,psychoanalytic and cultural.

Gopa B. Caesar:
Members:

Mary Wollstonecraft(1759-1797)
Virginia Woolf(1882-1941)
Simone de Beauvoir(1908-1986)
Kate Millett
Elaine Showalter(1941-)
Toril Moi(1953-)
Lillian Robinson
Michele Barrett
Sandra Gilbert
Susan Gubar
Helene Cixous(1937-)
Jalis Kristeva(1941-)
Luce Irigaray
Barbara Smith
bell hooks

Gopa B. Caesar:
Works:

Mary Wollstonecraft:
A Vindication of the Rights of Woman(1791)
Virginia Woolf:
A Room of One’s Own(1929)
 Simon de Beauvoir:
The Second Sex(1949)
Kate Millett:
Sexual Politics(1970)
Elaine Showalter:
A Literature of Their Own(1977)
Helene Cixous:
The Laugh of the Medusa(1975)
Mary Eagleton:
Feminist Literary Criticism(1991)
Sandra M.Gilbert and Susan Gubar
The Madwomen in the Attic(1979)
Julia Kristeva:
The Revolution of Poetic Language(1984)
Luce Irigaray:
This Sex Which Is Not One(1985)
Sexes and Genealogies(1993)
Judith Butler:
Gender Trouble:Feminism and the Subversion of Identity(1990)
bell hooks:
Feminist Theory:From Margin to Center(1984)

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