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Gopa B. Caesar:
Members :
 Founder:
Sigmund Freud(1856-1939)

Adherent:
Melanie Klein(1882-1960)
Ernest Jones(1879-1958)
Marie Bonaparte
Norman Holland(1927- )
Jacque Lacan(1901-1981)
Lionel Trilling(1905-1975)

Works :
S.Freud:
The interpretation of Dreams (1900)
Creative writers and Daydreaming

Jacque Lacan
The four Fundamental concepts of psychoanalysis (1977)
Ecrits:A Selection (1966)
E.Jones:
Hamlet and Oedipus(1910)

Norman Holland
The Dynamics of Literary Response (1968)
Five Readers Reading (1975)

Melanie Klein
Notes on Some Schizoid Mechanisms(1946)
Some theoretical conclusion regarding the Emotional Life of the infant

Gopa B. Caesar:
Freud’s ideas:

Freud emphasized the unconscious aspects of the human psyche and provided convincing evidence that most of our actions are motivated by psychological forces over which we have very limited control.

He demonstrated that,like the iceberg,the human mind is structured so that its great weight and density lie beneath the surface.

All human behavior is motivated ultimately by what we would call sexuality.Freud designates the prime psychic force as libido,or sexual energy.
His another major premise is that because of the powerful social taboos attached to certain sexual impulses,many of our desires and memories are repressed.

Gopa B. Caesar:
Keywords
Oedipus complex
     Freud borrowed this term from Greece classic Sophoclean tragedy in which the hero Oedipus unknowingly slew his father and married his mother.In psychoanalytical theory  Oedipus complex derives from the boy’s unconscious rivalry with his father for the love of his mother.

Unconsciousness
      A mental process that is structured beneath the surface consciousness,and  has no easy access to consciousness,but must be inferred,discovered,and translated into conscious form in some special manners.
Libido
      Freud called by this name (Libido)the energy of those instincts which have to do with all that may be comprised under the word “love”.To Freud, “love”consists in sexual love with sexual union as its aim,but he did not separate from this either the self-love or love for parents and children, friendship and love for humanity in general, and also devotion to concrete objects and to abstract ideas.     

Gopa B. Caesar:
Part 4    Western Marxist Criticism

Times:
       
        Marxist Literary criticism can be divided into three periods:Classical Marxism,early Western Marxism ,Late Marxism.Early Western Marxism began with Georg Lukacs,then developed by “Institute of Social Research”in university of Frankfurt, Germany,Late Marxism started from 1960s and extended in the last years of the 20th century.

Gopa B. Caesar:
Members:
Founders:
Georg Lukacs  (1885-1971)
Antonio Gramsci(1891-1937)
Adherents:
Max Horkheimer  (1895-1973)
Thoedor W Adorno  (1903-1969)
Walter Benjamin  (1892-1940)
Herbert Marcuse  (1898-1979)
Leo Lowenthal(1900-1993)
Later:
Louis Althusser  (1918-1980)
Raymond Williams  (1921-1988)
Terry Eagleton  (1943-)
Fredric Jameson  (1934-)
Jurgen Habermas(1929-)
Works:
Georg Lukacs:
History and Class Consciousness  (1923)
The Theory of Novel  (1920)
The Historical Novel  (1962)
The Meaning of Contemporary Realism  (1963)
Antonio Gramsci:
Prison Notebooks  (1977)
T. W Adrono:
Aesthetic Theory  (1970)
Walter Benjamin
Charles Baudelaire :A Lyric Poet in the Era of High Capitalism  (1973)
R. Williams:
Marxism and Literature  (1977)
Culture and Society  (1958)
T. Eagleton:
Criticism and Ideology  (1976)
Marxism and Literary Criticism  (1976)
F.Jameson:
The Political Unconsciousness  (1979)
L. Althusser:
Lenin and Philosophy and Other Essays  (1971)
Leo Lowenthal
On Sociology of Literature  (1932)

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